CHOE SANG-HUN, MUKTITA SUHARTONO2025年2月25日在印度洋上作业的中国金枪鱼船上的工人，照片由环境正义基金会提供，该基金会对朝鲜人在中国渔船上工作的情况进行了调查。 Environmental Justice FoundationThey spent up to 10 years at sea, toiling in some of the harshest conditions distant-water fishing crews can face. Many never set foot on land because their Chinese captains did not want them to be seen by the port authorities. Most of their salaries went directly to their government, and some of their catch has likely ended up on dining tables in Europe and Asia.他们出海的时间最长达10年，在远洋捕鱼船员可能面临的最恶劣条件下辛勤工作。他们中的许多人在出海期间从未踏上过陆地，因为他们的中国船长不想让港务局看到他们。他们的大部分工资直接上交给政府，部分渔获很可能最终出现在欧洲和亚洲的餐桌上。These were North Koreans assigned by their government to work on board Chinese tuna longliners operating in the Indian Ocean, according to a report published on Monday by the London-based Environmental Justice Foundation. Through them, North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong-un, established a new source of revenue for his cash-strapped regime.他们是朝鲜政府派遣到在印度洋从事金枪鱼延绳钓渔业作业的中国渔船上务工的朝鲜人，这是总部设在伦敦的环境正义基金会周一发布的一份报告所揭示的。通过他们，朝鲜领导人金正恩为资金短缺的政权建立了一个新的收入来源。The United Nations bans member states from hiring North Korean workers because its Security Council says Mr. Kim’s government uses them to raise funds for its nuclear weapons program. But Mr. Kim sends tens of thousands of his people abroad to earn cash and other benefits for his regime.安理会表示，金正恩政府利用劳务出口为核武器计划筹集资金，所以联合国禁止成员国雇用朝鲜工人。但金正恩还是把数万名朝鲜人派到国外为他的政权挣取现金，获得其他利益。They have worked in factories and restaurants in China, logging camps and construction sites in Russia and farms and shipyards in Eastern Europe. They have sweated on construction sites in the Middle East and built monuments for dictators in Africa. An estimated 11,000 North Koreans were sent to fight for Russia in its war against Ukraine.朝鲜人在中国的工厂和餐馆打工，在俄罗斯的伐木营和建筑工地以及东欧的农场和造船厂工作。他们在中东的建筑工地上挥洒汗水，为非洲的独裁者建造纪念碑。据估计还有1.1万名朝鲜人被派往俄乌战场为俄罗斯作战。Until now, the fate of North Korean fishermen has drawn little global attention because they were in vast oceans, cut off from the rest of the world and even their own families for years at a time.在这之前，朝鲜渔民的命运并没有在全球引起多少关注，因为他们身处浩瀚无垠的大海，过着与世隔绝的生活，甚至与家人也数年不通音信。The conditions they faced “would constitute forced labor of a magnitude that surpasses much of that witnessed in a global fishing industry already replete with abuse,” the foundation said in its report, shared with The New York Times ahead of its publication.他们面临的工作条件“已构成强迫劳动，其恶劣程度超过了已经充斥着虐待行为的全球渔业曾经见证过的大部分情况”，该基金会在报告中写道，这份报告在发表前与《纽约时报》分享。Regulatory and other data available suggested that the products from these ships may be entering the European, British and Asian markets, the foundation said. The group discovered at least 12 Chinese-flagged tuna longliners using North Korean labor between 2019 and last year, and four of them were authorized to export fish to Europe and the United Kingdom, it said. Carrier ships suspected of collecting fish from these Chinese vessels at sea have visited markets in Asia, including Japan, Taiwan and South Korea, it said.该基金会称，监管和其他现有数据表明，来自这些渔船的产品可能正在进入欧洲、英国和亚洲的市场。该组织发现，在从2019年到去年的时间里，至少有12艘悬挂中国国旗的金枪鱼延绳钓渔船使用了朝鲜劳工，其中四艘船有向欧洲和英国出口鱼类的许可。该组织称，涉嫌从海上的这些中国渔船上收集鱼产的运输船已经到访过包括日本、台湾和韩国在内的亚洲市场。“If it was your husband, brother, father, son who’s being held on a vessel for months or years at sea with no option to get off, I think you can understand what it means and how this product is being produced and why we shouldn’t be eating it,” said Steve Trent, the foundation’s CEO. “These laborers are not free to choose how and when they work. They’re being coerced onto these vessels and kept there.”“如果你的丈夫、兄弟、父亲或儿子被迫乘船出海长达几个月或几年，其间没有下船的可能，我觉得你能理解这意味着什么，这种产品是怎样生产的，为什么我们不应该吃它，”该基金会首席执行官史蒂夫·特伦特说。“这些劳工不能自由地选择工作方式和工作时间。他们被强迫上船并被留在上面。”The foundation, which campaigns on environmental and human rights issues, based its findings on evidence that included interviews with 19 Indonesian and Filipino shipmates who said they had worked with North Koreans. Its investigators also obtained video clips that mentioned North Koreans being on board and showed shipmates speaking in Korean. Three of the Indonesian seamen also spoke separately to The New York Times. The Times is not revealing their identities because they could work again on Chinese fishing vessels.这家基金会致力于环保和人权问题，这份报告依赖的证据包括对19名印度尼西亚和菲律宾船员的采访，这些船员说他们曾与朝鲜人一起工作。基金会的调查人员还获得了视频片段，视频中提了船上有朝鲜人，并显示他们用朝鲜语交谈。接受采访的印尼海员中有三人分别与时报进行了进一步的交流。时报在报道中对他们做匿名处理，因为他们可能再次在中国渔船上工作。Crew members said they communicated with the North Koreans using body language and bits of Mandarin and each other’s languages that they picked up while working together.这些船员说，他们与朝鲜人交流用的是肢体语言、一点普通话，以及一起工作时学会的一点对方的语言。They told how North Korean crews were usually transferred to sister vessels at sea before their ships docked, and moved back again later. Crewmen who landed could use their mobile phones to call families, but the North Koreans did not even have mobile phones.他们说，朝鲜船员们通常在他们的船停靠港口前被转移到海上的姊妹船上，渔船离港后再回到自己的船上。渔船上的其他船员登陆后能用手机给家人打电话，但朝鲜船员根本就没有手机。一名向环境正义基金会的研究人员讲述自己在中国渔船上与朝鲜人共事经历的印度尼西亚渔民。If their presence was discovered by foreign port authorities, it could create legal trouble for their Chinese captain: In December 2022, news media in Mauritius reported the arrest of six North Korean workers and the captain of a Chinese fishing vessel.如果外国港务局发现船上有朝鲜人的话，可能会给他们的中国船长带来法律上的麻烦：2022年12月，毛里求斯的新闻媒体曾报道过六名朝鲜工人和一艘中国渔船的船长被逮捕的消息。“I docked in Somalia, Mauritius, Australia, Madagascar and Somalia again, and the North Koreans were always transferred,” said a former Indonesian fisherman who said he worked with six North Koreans from late 2022 to last June. “One of them told me that he has a wife whom he never contacted during the seven years he’s been gone.”“我在索马里、毛里求斯、澳大利亚、马达加斯加，以及索马里的港口停靠过，朝鲜人总是在进港前被转移到其他船上，”一名前印尼渔民说，他说他曾在2022年底到去年6月与六名朝鲜人一起工作过。“他们中的一人对我说他有妻子，在出海的七年里从未与她联系过。”On these Chinese ships, most crew members had their passports taken so they could not abscond. They caught only five to six hours of sleep a day, but the North Koreans were often the most skilled workers on board because of the time they had spent at sea. The second former Indonesian fisherman remembered how the North Koreans on his ship urged others to work faster, shouting the North Korean phrase for “hurry up”: ppallihara.The pandemic extended the time at sea for some North Koreans as their country kept its borders closed until late 2023. They worked through the pandemic, some transferring to other Chinese ships midocean after their three- or four-year-contract ended.在这些中国船上工作的大多数船员护照被没收，以防止他们逃走。他们每天只能睡五到六个小时，但由于在海上的时间最长，朝鲜人往往是船上技术最好的。另一名前印尼渔民记得他船上的朝鲜人叫大家快点干活高喊的朝鲜话“ppallihara”。新冠疫情导致一些朝鲜船员延长了出海时间，因为朝鲜边境直到2023年底才开放。这些朝鲜人在整个疫情期间一直工作，有些人在他们三到四年的合同结束后，从海上的一艘中国船上转移到另一艘中国船上。“Their families don’t have any idea whether they are still alive or not,” said the third Indonesian fisherman, who said he had worked with three North Koreans. “They never said how they felt. But I can’t imagine how you didn’t set foot on land for eight years.”“他们的家人不知道他们是否还活着，”第三名印尼渔民说，他说自己曾经与三名朝鲜人一起工作过。“他们从不表达自己的感受。但我无法想象八年没踏上过陆地是什么样的感觉。”The Indonesian crewmen earned about $330 per month but did not know how much the North Koreans made. The North Koreans told them that their salaries went straight to their government. One Indonesian crewman said the North Koreans lived only on bonuses they earned. Another said they were allowed to keep $50 of their salary.印尼船员每月的收入约合330美元，但他们不知道朝鲜人的工资是多少。朝鲜船员告诉印尼人，他们的工资直接交给政府。一名印尼船员说，朝鲜人只靠挣到的奖金生活。另一名印尼船员则说，朝鲜船员被允许留给自己约合50美元的工资。“They really save up all the money,” one of the Indonesian fisherman said. “They showed me all the cents they collected.”“他们真的把所有的钱都存起来，”一名印尼渔民说。“他们给我看过他们收集的所有钢镚。”The Chinese distant-water fleet is by far the world’s largest. The foundation said it could not estimate how many North Koreans were working on Chinese fishing vessels around the world until a more extensive study was done.中国有着世界上规模最大的远洋渔船队。那家基金会表示，在进行更广泛的研究之前，无法估计有多少朝鲜人在世界各地的中国渔船上工作。For more than three decades, North Korea has sent workers abroad, earning up to billions of dollars a year, according to South Korean estimates.据韩国估计，朝鲜30多年来一直派工人出国打工，这些工人每年为国家挣得高达数十亿美元的外汇。In 2017, the U.N. Security Council adopted a resolution requiring U.N. member countries to expel North Korean workers by the end of 2019. But more than 100,000 North Koreans were still working in 40 countries, a U.N. panel of experts reported last year.2017年，联合国安理会通过了一项决议，要求联合国成员国在2019年底前将朝鲜工人送回朝鲜。但联合国的一个专家小组去年报告说，仍有10多万朝鲜工人在40个国家工作。North Korean workers are required to spy on each other when they go abroad and to maintain a life of indoctrination.朝鲜工人出国后必须互相监督，并继续接受政治灌输。The North Koreans’ former shipmates remembered them showing videos of military parades and their leader, Mr. Kim, giving speeches. They often put on their best clothes, hung their flag and sang, while standing straight. 曾与朝鲜人一起工作的船友们记得朝鲜船员看阅兵和领导人金正恩讲话的视频。他们经常穿着自己最好的衣服，挂上国旗，站直身子唱歌。But their former shipmates could tell how homesick the North Koreans were. One of the Indonesian shipmates recalled a time when a North Korean colleague was finally allowed to go home.但前船友们能看得出这些朝鲜人多么想家。一名印尼船友回忆了一名朝鲜船员终于被允许回家时的情景。“He was so excited and anxious that when we told him to get some rest, go to sleep, he refused,” he said. “He just sat there out on the deck watching other crews working.”“他非常兴奋，也非常焦虑。我们叫他休息一下，去睡觉，他拒绝了，”这名前印尼船员说。“他只是坐在甲板上看着其他船员干活。”Choe Sang-Hun是时报驻首尔首席记者，报道韩国和朝鲜新闻。点击查看更多关于他的信息。Muktita Suhartono报道泰国和印度尼西亚新闻。她常驻曼谷。点击查看更多关于她的信息。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。