JEANNA SMIALEK, KEITH BRADSHER2025年7月9日德国汉堡港平板火车上的集装箱，摄于今年4月。欧盟仍向中国出口大量产品，尤其是德国。 Sean Gallup/Getty ImagesIt once looked to many as if President Trump could be a reason for Europe and China to bring their economies closer. His planned tariffs did little to distinguish the European Union, a longtime ally of the United States, from China, the principal challenger to American primacy.曾几何时，许多人以为美国总统特朗普或许能成为欧洲与中国拉近经济关系的理由。他打算加征的关税几乎没有把美国的长期盟友欧盟与美国霸权的主要挑战者中国区别对待。It hasn’t turned out that way.情况没有像人们指望的那样发展。Instead, the European Union finds itself in a geopolitical chokehold between the world’s two largest economies.欧盟反而发现自己处于世界两个最大经济体之间的地缘政治夹缝中。In Brussels, officials are trying to secure a rough trade deal with their American counterparts before Mr. Trump hits the bloc with high, across-the-board tariffs that could clobber the bloc’s economy. At the same time, European Union policymakers are trying to prod their counterparts in Beijing to stop supporting Russia, to stop helping Chinese industry with so much state money and to slow the flow of cheap goods into the European Union.在布鲁塞尔，欧盟官员正试图赶在特朗普对欧盟征收可能会重创欧洲经济的高额全面关税之前，与美国方面敲定一个贸易协议的粗略框架。与此同时，欧盟的政策制定者们正试图敦促中国政府停止支持俄罗斯，停止用大笔的国家资金扶持本国工业，并放慢廉价商品流入欧盟的速度。But at a moment of upheaval in the global trading system, the bloc also needs to keep its relationship with China, the world’s leading manufacturing superpower, on a relatively stable footing.但在全球贸易体系剧烈变动的时刻，欧盟也需要与中国保持相对稳定的关系，它是世界上最重要的制造业超级大国。Leaders from the European Union are scheduled to be in Beijing for a summit in late July, plans for which have been in flux. Hopes for the gathering are low. Even as China pushes the idea that Mr. Trump’s hostility to multilateral trade is prodding Europe into its arms, Europe’s problems with China are only growing.欧盟的领导人原定于7月底前往北京参加峰会，但有关计划一直处于变动中。各方对此次会晤的期望很低。虽然中国推动的说法是，特朗普反对多边贸易的做法正在将欧洲推入中国的怀抱，但欧洲对中国做法的不满有增无减。“There is no China card for Europe,” said Liana Fix, a fellow for Europe at the Council on Foreign Relations.“欧洲没有中国牌，”美国外交关系委员会欧洲问题研究员莉安娜·菲克斯说。欧盟委员会副主席卡雅·卡拉斯和中国外交部长王毅上周在布鲁塞尔。Tensions were on full display last week, when Wang Yi, China’s foreign minister, visited Brussels for meetings in the run-up to the summit. China portrayed the tone as productive and dismissed the notion that the two sides had conflicts. European Union officials stressed lingering pain points, including trade imbalances.上周，中国外交部长王毅在布鲁塞尔与欧盟领导人举行会晤，为峰会做准备时，双方的紧张关系展露无疑。中国称会晤富有成效，否认双方之间存在冲突。欧盟官员则强调了一些挥之不去的痛点，包括贸易失衡。The divide was underscored this weekend. The European Union recently moved to curb government spending on medical devices from China, arguing that Chinese government agencies had been treating European companies unfairly and that it was necessary to level the playing field. China on Sunday announced that it would retaliate.分歧在刚过去的这个周末变得更加明显。欧盟最近采取行动限制政府采购中国医疗器械，称中国的政府部门一直不公平地对待欧洲企业，有必要创造公平的竞争环境。中国在周日宣布将采取反制措施。Yet the European Union remains in a delicate dance with China. Economic ties between the two economies are extensive. Many European countries remain heavily dependent on China for industrial materials. And European exports to China remain substantial, especially from Germany, which has long had close trade ties with China.但欧盟仍与中国保持着微妙的互动。这两个经济体之间的联系广泛。欧盟的许多国家仍严重依赖中国提供的工业原材料。欧盟对华出口依然可观，尤其是长期以来与中国保持密切贸易关系的德国。But Europe’s exports have been dwindling, even as Chinese imports into the bloc have been surging. As cheap products from the fast fashion retailers Shein and Temu flood into European markets, policymakers have been working to tighten restrictions on such imports. And European leaders regularly complain that China’s state-controlled banks subsidize the country’s manufacturers so heavily that European companies can’t compete.然而，就在中国对欧盟的出口激增的时候，欧盟向中国的出口却一直在减少。随着来自快时尚零售商Shein和Temu的廉价产品涌入欧洲市场，政策制定者们已在努力加强对此类进口的限制。欧盟领导人经常抱怨说，中国的国有银行提供给本国制造商的补贴如此之高，以至于欧洲企业无力与之竞争。Nor are Europe’s complaints unique to trade. European Union officials are angry about China’s support for Russia during the war in Ukraine, providing a market for Russian fuel and other products that has blunted the bite of European sanctions.欧洲的抱怨并不仅限于贸易领域。欧盟官员对中国在俄乌战争中支持俄罗斯的行为感到愤怒，中国为俄罗斯提供了燃料和其他产品的市场，削弱了欧盟的制裁效力。俄罗斯导弹袭击了乌克兰斯洛维扬斯克，摄于上个月。欧盟官员对中国在俄乌战争中支持俄罗斯感到愤怒。The European Union’s aim cannot be to cut ties with China, according to the Danish foreign minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen. “It is about engaging on a more equal footing and being more transactional in our approach,” he said, speaking at a briefing with reporters on Friday.欧盟的目标不可能是切断与中国的关系，丹麦外交大臣拉尔斯·勒克·拉斯穆森说。“目标是在更平等的基础上进行接触，把我们的做法变得更具交易性，”他上周五在记者会上说。As the United States upends the global trading system in a bid to shrink its trade deficit, raise revenue and re-shore domestic manufacturing, the European Union finds itself in a lonely place. It is a bloc of 27 nations that together make the world’s third-largest economy. The European Union was devised to promote commerce across borders and remains a powerful defender of free trade.随着美国为了缩小贸易逆差、增加政府收入并推动制造业回流而颠覆了全球贸易体系，欧盟发现自己处于孤立的境地。由27个成员国组成的欧盟是世界第三大经济体，其创立初衷是促进跨境贸易，至今它仍是自由贸易的坚定捍卫者。Europe wants to “show to the world that free trade with a large number of countries is possible on a rules-based foundation,” Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Union’s executive branch, said at a news conference last month.欧洲要“向世界展示，在基于规则的基础上与众多国家进行自由贸易是可能的”，欧盟委员会主席乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩上个月在新闻发布会上说。The European Union has already deepened its trading relationships with like-minded countries like Switzerland and Canada. Ms. von der Leyen suggested that it could go a step further. It could pursue a new collaboration between the bloc and a trading group of 11 countries that includes Japan, Vietnam and Australia, but that notably does not include the United States or China.欧盟已经深化了与瑞士和加拿大等志同道合国家的贸易关系。冯德莱恩暗示，欧盟可能更进一步。欧盟可能会寻求与一个由11个国家组成的贸易集团建立新的合作关系，该集团包括日本、越南以及澳大利亚，但显著排除了美中两国。Yet even as Ms. von der Leyen tries to go on the offensive, E.U. officials have spent months on a far more defensive footing.但就在冯德莱恩试图采取攻势的时候，欧盟官员们数月来却始终疲于防守。That is because even as the European Union takes issue with the policies coming out of the United States and China, it is also being battered by — and torn between — the two.究其根源，欧盟在质疑美国和中国的政策时，也深陷两国夹击的撕裂困境。零售商Shein的包裹在中国广州的一家服装厂等待发货，摄于今年2月。No matter the outcome of its trade talks with the Trump administration, the European Union is expected to end up with higher tariffs on its exports to the United States than it faced at the start of the year. American officials have said repeatedly that 10 percent across-the-board levies are not negotiable.无论欧盟与特朗普政府的贸易谈判结果如何，欧盟对美出口关税必将高于年初水平。美国官员已多次表示，目前征收的10%全面关税没有商量的余地。Officials are also likely to be compelled to make concessions to secure an agreement. Those include a possible commitment to taking a tougher stance toward China.欧盟官员们也可能为达成协议被迫做出让步，包括承诺对华采取更强硬的立场。The European Union agrees with Mr. Trump that China has pursued unfair trading practices. Yet the bloc can push China only so far, given how intertwined the economies are.欧盟同意特朗普关于中国一直在采取不公平贸易做法的观点。但鉴于双方在经济上的紧密联系，欧盟的施压力度有限。China has recently offered the European Union a damaging reminder of that reality.中国最近已以极具痛感的现实给欧盟上了一课。In response to U.S. tariffs, China limited global exports of rare earth magnets, which are critical to producing a range of goods from cars and drones to factory robots and missiles.作为对美国关税的回应，中国对稀土磁铁的出口进行了限制，这种磁铁对生产一系列产品至关重要，从汽车、无人机，到工厂用的机器人以及导弹。Because China dominates rare earth production, it can inflict serious pain on its trading partners with such limitations.由于中国主导着稀土生产，它能用这种限制重创贸易伙伴。European policymakers initially hoped that China’s restrictions would mainly affect American companies. But European firms have also faced long delays in getting China to approve its purchases of rare earths.欧洲的政策制定者们最初曾希望，中国的限制措施主要冲击的是美企。但欧洲的企业在获得中国批准以购买稀土产品时，也面临着长时间的拖延。The slowdown is caused not only by logistical kinks as China works through a queue of applications. Instead, it appears to be tied to a longer-standing trade flashpoint between Europe and China.拖延不仅是由于中国在处理大量申请时需要解决组织工作的问题，而是似乎与欧盟与中国之间长期存在的一个贸易争端有关。The Chinese government has for years required that foreign companies share or transfer technology to their Chinese partners as a condition for entering the China market. Recently, European carmakers and other companies have found themselves far behind their Chinese competitors, which have led the development of electric cars, solar panels and other technologies.多年来，中国政府一直将技术转让或共享作为外资企业进入中国市场的准入条件。最近，欧洲的汽车制造商和其他公司发现，它们已远远落后于中国竞争对手，中国企业已引领了电动汽车、太阳能电池板，以及其他技术的发展。上海汽车工业集团有限公司与大众汽车合资企业在上海的一个汽车存放场，摄于今年4月。Given that, European Union officials have been pressing Chinese companies to transfer technology as part of the price of admission to the European market.鉴于此，欧盟官员正要求中国企业以技术转让作为进入欧洲市场的交换条件。The European Union has also joined the United States in restricting the shipment to China of equipment to make the fastest semiconductors, which have military as well as civilian applications.欧盟还追随美国，限制向中国出口先进制程半导体设备，这种半导体既能军用，也能民用。That has annoyed Chinese officials. China’s minister of commerce, Wang Wentao, called for Europe to cancel controls on high-tech exports to China as part of discussions on a resumption of rare earth supplies.此举引发中国强烈不满。中国商务部部长王文涛要求欧盟取消对中国高技术产品出口的管制，作为恢复稀土产品供货谈判的一部分。“Minister Wang Wentao expressed the hope that the E.U. will meet us halfway and take effective measures to facilitate, safeguard and promote the compliant trade of high-tech products to China,” the Ministry of Commerce said in a statement last month.“王文涛部长提出，希望欧方相向而行，采取有效措施，便利、保障和促进高技术产品对华合规贸易，”中国商务部在上个月的一份新闻发布中写道。At the Beijing summit this month, he said, European officials are likely to keep pushing Chinese officials for more consistent access to rare earths.欧洲官员可能会在本月的北京峰会上继续向中国官员施压，让他们提供更为稳定的稀土供应渠道。Jens Eskelund, the president of the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China, said the chamber also wants the meetings to focus on trying to persuade Chinese officials on the need for more transparent and predictable regulations and to address how hard it has become for foreign companies to do business in China.中国欧盟商会主席彦辞(Jens Eskelund)表示，商会也希望此次会议能够聚焦于说服中方官员推动更加透明和可预期的监管制度，并解决外国公司在中国经商日益困难的问题。But the outlook for meaningful changes, or anything that draws Europe and China closer, is dim. The tone coming from Europe is not positive.但发生有意义的变化，或出现任何能让欧盟与中国拉近关系的可能性并不大。欧盟的态度不乐观。Ms. von der Leyen, in a speech at the Group of 7 meeting in Canada last month, said China was engaged in a cycle of “dominance, dependency and blackmail.”冯德莱恩上个月在加拿大出席七国集团峰会时发表讲话称，中国采取的是“主导—依赖—胁迫”的循环。Jeanna Smialek是《纽约时报》布鲁塞尔分社社长。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。