FRANCES ROBLES2026年6月5日哈瓦那的大教堂酒店是西班牙美利亚酒店集团在古巴运营的15家酒店之一。 Yamil Lage/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesThe Trump administration’s campaign to force Cuba’s economic unraveling achieved key gains this week, when three international hotel chains and a bank that processes Visa and Mastercard transactions withdrew business from the communist nation to avoid violating new U.S. regulations.特朗普政府迫使古巴经济崩溃的行动本周取得了关键进展：为了避免违反美国新出台的规定，三家国际酒店集团以及一家处理维萨卡和万事达卡交易的银行相继撤出古巴。Foreign businesses have until Friday to pull out of any venture in Cuba run by the Cuban military conglomerate that controls about half the nation’s economy. On Thursday, the U.S. government announced that it was imposing sanctions on another swath of Cuban officials and entities, including the armed forces.外国企业必须在周五之前撤出与古巴军事企业集团合作的所有项目，该集团控制着古巴约一半的经济。周四，美国政府宣布对另一批古巴官员和实体实施制裁，其中包括武装部队。Business leaders whose companies stay in Cuba risk losing their visa to travel to the United States and having their assets frozen. The companies themselves could also face sanctions, such as losing access to American banks.如果企业继续留在古巴，其高管面临失去赴美旅行签证以及资产冻结的风险，企业本身也可能面临制裁，例如失去进入美国银行系统的渠道。The increasing exodus of businesses from Cuba will lead to increased unemployment and fewer financial resources for Cuba’s government, aggravating an increasingly untenable economic crisis.越来越多的企业撤离古巴将导致失业率上升、古巴政府的财政资源减少，从而加剧日益严峻的经济危机。While the United States has long prohibited most American companies from trading with Cuba, these new regulations, called “secondary sanctions,” are a major escalation, because they target foreign companies and financial institutions.长期以来，美国已禁止本国企业与古巴开展大多数贸易，但这些被称为“次级制裁”的新措施代表着重大升级，因为其打击对象已经扩展到外国企业和金融机构。Cuba’s Central Bank announced Wednesday that a bank that processes Visa and Mastercard transactions had withdrawn to comply with a recent executive order from the White House that threatened sanctions against foreign companies doing business in Cuba.古巴中央银行周三宣布，一家处理维萨卡和万事达卡交易的银行已撤出，以遵守白宫最近的一项行政命令，该命令威胁制裁在古巴开展业务的外国公司。周三，人们在哈瓦那一家银行外排队。The Cuban government, which did not name the bank, called the decision part of President Trump’s “strategy to strangle the Cuban people.”古巴政府没有透露该银行名称，但称这一决定是特朗普总统“扼杀古巴人民战略”的一部分。The Spanish hotel operator Iberostar said it would end its partnership to run 12 hotels for Gaviota, Cuba’s tourism company, which is part of the Business Administration Group, a military conglomerate known by its Spanish acronym, GAESA.西班牙酒店运营商Iberostar表示，将终止为古巴旅游公司Gaviota运营12家酒店的合作关系。Gaviota隶属于古巴军方商业集团——企业管理集团(GAESA)。Another Spanish firm, Meliá, said it would withdraw from its partnership running 15 Cuban hotels. Blue Diamond, a Canadian company that ran dozens of hotels in Cuba, also announced that it was pulling out.另一家西班牙企业美利亚酒店集团也宣布，将退出与古巴方面合作运营的15家酒店。在古巴经营数十家酒店的加拿大公司蓝钻也宣布撤出。Citing an announcement from the company, news reports said the Indonesian chain Archipelago International had also closed shop. The website for the company’s Aston Hotels in Cuba showed they were “no longer available for accommodation.”根据媒体援引公司声明称，印尼连锁酒店集团——群岛国际也已停止在古巴的业务。该公司旗下Aston Hotels在古巴的网站显示，其酒店“已不再提供住宿服务”。The proposed U.S. sanctions are part of a series of stringent measures by the Trump administration designed to cripple Cuba’s economy and force economic and political change.特朗普政府提出的制裁措施是旨在削弱古巴经济、迫使古巴进行经济和政治变革的一系列严厉措施的一部分。Mr. Trump on Thursday told reporters in Washington that Cuba had “sort of collapsed.”特朗普周四在华盛顿对记者表示，古巴“某种程度上已经崩溃了”。Repeating a statement he had made in the past, he said he would “handle” Cuba as soon as his administration moves on from the conflict with Iran. “As soon as that’s done, on our way back, we’ll just make a little brief stop,” the president said without providing specific details.他重复了过去的说法，称一旦他的政府处理完与伊朗的冲突，就会“解决”古巴问题。总统说：“等那边的事情了结了，我们在回程中顺便稍作停留即可。”但他没有透露具体细节。Mr. Trump’s tightening vise on Cuba, including an effective oil blockade, is worsening a humanitarian crisis, leaving millions of people enduring extended power outages and struggling to find food and gasoline.包括事实上的石油禁运，特朗普不断收紧对古巴的经济封锁正在加剧当地的人道主义危机。数百万古巴人正遭受长时间停电之苦，并面临食品和汽油短缺。The U.S. State Department said on Thursday that it was adding five more Cuban officials and five entities to a list of sanctioned people and companies, including President Miguel Díaz-Canel and his family.美国国务院周四表示，将把五名古巴官员和五个实体加入到个人和企业制裁名单里，其中包括古巴古巴国家主席米格尔·迪亚斯-卡内尔及其家人。Vast neighborhood groups organized by the government, called the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and known for spying on local residents, were also targeted, as was Cuba’s gold mining venture.由政府组织、以监控居民著称的大规模基层组织保卫革命委员会和古巴的黄金开采企业也在制裁名单之中。“The entities and individuals designated today direct or fund the regime and its efforts to mobilize its radical revolutionary movements in the United States and around the world,” Secretary of State Marco Rubio said in a statement.美国国务卿鲁比奥在声明中表示：“今天被列入制裁名单的机构和个人，为该政权及其在美国和世界各地推动激进革命运动的努力提供领导或资金支持。”Two major shipping companies, one German and the other French, had already announced plans to cease operations in Cuba.两家大型航运公司——一家德国企业和一家法国企业——此前也已宣布停止在古巴的业务运营。The United Nations’ World Food Program was forced to put off plans to purchase nearly 3,000 tons of food for Cuba “because we cannot find a shipping solution to bring it to Cuba,” said Etienne Labande, the agency’s Cuba country director.联合国世界粮食计划署不得不搁置为古巴采购近3000吨食品的计划，“因为我们找不到将其运抵古巴的航运解决方案”，该机构的古巴主任艾蒂安·拉班德表示。The World Food Program, which was helping supply provisions for Cuba’s subsided food rations, is also trying to find other ways to pay for fuel it used to buy from private companies, because it can no longer pay with Visa or Mastercard, he said.他说，世界粮食计划署之前正在为古巴补贴口粮供应提供帮助，目前也在寻找其他方式支付向私营公司购买燃料的费用——由于维萨卡和万事达卡已无法使用，此前的付款渠道已告中断。上月一次停电期间的哈瓦那圣拉扎罗大道。The Trump administration’s sanctions against foreign companies, announced in May, largely targeted GAESA, the military conglomerate that operates everything from retail businesses to the tourism industry.特朗普政府于5月宣布的对外国公司的制裁主要针对的是GAESA，该商业集团由古巴军方控制，经营从零售业到旅游业的各种业务。GAESA was born out of Cuba’s economic crisis in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union, which had been the island nation’s main benefactor.GAESA诞生于上世纪90年代古巴经济危机时期。当时苏联解体，它一直是这个岛国最主要的援助者。The U.S. State Department, relying on media reports suggesting GAESA was sitting on enormous piles of cash even as the nation suffers, said the moves would deprive Cuba’s military “access to illicit assets.”美国国务院援引媒体报道称，古巴经济陷入困境，GAESA却坐拥巨额财富，并据此表示，此次制裁措施将切断古巴军方“获取非法资产的渠道”。The Cuban government did not respond to a request for comment, but released a scathing statement denouncing the Trump administration.古巴政府未回应置评请求，但发布了一份措辞严厉的声明，谴责特朗普政府。The U.S. government, the statement said, had “once again acted with premeditated intent in its eagerness to manufacture pretexts to discredit the Cuban Revolution, its historic leadership, its current leaders, and, in doing so, confuse both our people and international public opinion.”声明称，美国政府“再次蓄意行事，急于制造借口，诋毁古巴革命、古巴的历史领导人及现任领导人，并借此混淆古巴人民及国际舆论的视听”。Mr. Díaz-Canel said on social media that GAESA was not “a path to enrichment for a few.’’迪亚斯-卡内尔在社交媒体上表示，GAESA并非“少数人中饱私囊的途径”。“On the contrary, it is one of the many examples that, along our path, has allowed us to resist the permanent aggression of the United States government.”他说：“恰恰相反，它是我们一路走来抵御美国政府持续打压的众多例证之一。”Seth Eisen, a spokesman for Mastercard, said the decision to withdraw had not been made by Mastercard.万事达卡发言人塞思·艾森表示，退出古巴市场的决定并非由万事达卡作出。The bank that had managed the company’s transactions decided to limit operations in Cuba, and without the foreign financial partner, Mastercards will not work to make purchases in Cuba, he said.管理该公司交易的银行决定限制在古巴的业务，失去这一外国金融合作伙伴后，万事达卡将无法在古巴用于消费支付。Visa, Iberostar and Blue Diamond did not respond to a request for comment. Meliá, in a statement, said its decision to leave Cuba “was made out of a deep sense of corporate responsibility,” but that the impact of its decision was limited because most of its hotels were already closed.维萨卡、Iberostar和蓝钻公司均未回应置评请求。美利亚酒店集团在声明中表示，其撤离古巴的决定“是出于深切的企业责任感”，但强调此举影响有限，因为旗下大多数酒店已处于停业状态。Cuba’s tourism sector has largely collapsed. In January, the Trump administration blocked fuel deliveries to Cuba, which limited the availability of jet fuel and led several airlines to cancel service.古巴的旅游业已基本崩溃。今年1月，特朗普政府阻止向古巴运送燃料，导致航空燃油告急，多家航空公司取消了飞往古巴的航班。古巴萨帕塔沼泽的拉尔加海滩附近一条几乎空无一人的街道，摄于4月。古巴的旅游业已基本崩溃。“The reach of these sanctions was much wider and stronger, especially among the hotel chains,” said Paolo Spadoni, a political economist at Augusta University in Georgia who studies Cuba’s tourism industry.佐治亚州奥古斯塔大学研究古巴旅游业的政治经济学家保罗·斯帕多尼表示：“这些制裁的波及范围更广、力度更强，尤其是在连锁酒店行业。”He noted that not all of Cuba’s hotels are run by the military conglomerate, and the Spanish hotel companies were continuing to operate hotels run by Cuban entities not tied to GAESA and not targeted with sanctions.他指出，并非所有古巴酒店都由军方集团运营，而这些西班牙酒店企业仍在继续经营那些不属于GAESA、未受制裁的古巴实体所运营的酒店。John S. Kavulich, president of the U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council, said the latest measures could lead the Cuban military conglomerate to dismantle its operations to comply with the new rules.美古贸易与经济委员会主席约翰·卡夫利奇表示，最新制裁措施或将迫使古巴军事企业集团拆解旗下业务以满足合规要求。“In the last 30 days, there has been more commercial, economic and financial destruction in Cuba than in any period since 1959,” Mr. Kavulich said, referring to the year of the Cuban revolution that eventually ushered in Communist rule.卡夫利奇说：“过去30天里，古巴在商业、经济和金融领域遭受的破坏比1959年以来任何时期都要严重。”他提到的1959年是古巴革命成功、最终迎来共产主义统治的那一年。The U.S. administration, he said, “achieved so much without firing a shot or one boot on the ground.”他说，美国政府“不费一枪一弹、未派一兵一卒，就取得了如此巨大的成果”。The State Department acknowledged that the withdrawal of the hotel firms was precisely what the measures were intended to accomplish.国务院承认，酒店企业的撤离正是这些制裁措施所预期达到的效果。“Our sanctions are deliberately targeted to prevent the Cuban military and security services from profiting off international investment in Cuba to fund their continued oppression of the Cuban people and threat to U.S. national security,” the State Department said in a statement provided to The New York Times.国务院在提供给《纽约时报》的声明中表示：“我们的制裁有明确的目标，就是要阻止古巴军方和安全部门利用对古巴的国际投资获利，从而切断他们用来持续压迫古巴人民、威胁美国国家安全的资金来源。”“Companies choosing to exit the Cuban market are making a prudent decision to comply with U.S. law and avoid enriching a regime that routinely violates fundamental human rights.”声明还说：“选择退出古巴市场的企业做出了审慎决策以遵守美国法律，并避免让一个长期侵犯基本人权的政权获得更多资金支持。”David C. Adams自佛罗里达、Zolan Kanno-Youngs和黄安伟(Edward Wong)自华盛顿对本文有报道贡献。Frances Robles是时报报道拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的记者，她报道该地区已有25年以上。翻译：杜然点击查看本文英文版。