Tensions: FAC review edits← Previous revisionRevision as of 07:20, 19 October 2026 Line 104: Line 104: John refused to confirm Venetian commercial privileges, which provoked a naval attack on [[Aegean Islands|Aegean islands]] during the [[Venetian Crusade]] of 1123–24; peace was restored in 1126 when he finally confirmed them.{{sfn|Lilie|2004|p=97}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=145}} That year, Bohemond{{nbsp}}II arrived in Antioch and married Baldwin{{nbsp}}II's daughter, [[Alice of Antioch|Alice]], but Danishmendid forces killed him in 1130. Baldwin again assumed the regency, this time for Bohemond and Alice's six-year-old daughter, [[Constance of Antioch]]. His death the following year triggered a conflict between his successor and son-in-law, [[Fulk, King of Jerusalem|Fulk of Anjou]], and Alice.{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=140–141}} John refused to confirm Venetian commercial privileges, which provoked a naval attack on [[Aegean Islands|Aegean islands]] during the [[Venetian Crusade]] of 1123–24; peace was restored in 1126 when he finally confirmed them.{{sfn|Lilie|2004|p=97}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=145}} That year, Bohemond{{nbsp}}II arrived in Antioch and married Baldwin{{nbsp}}II's daughter, [[Alice of Antioch|Alice]], but Danishmendid forces killed him in 1130. Baldwin again assumed the regency, this time for Bohemond and Alice's six-year-old daughter, [[Constance of Antioch]]. His death the following year triggered a conflict between his successor and son-in-law, [[Fulk, King of Jerusalem|Fulk of Anjou]], and Alice.{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=140–141}} Meanwhile, the Turkoman general [[Imad al-Din Zengi|Zengi]] began expanding his territory in Syria.{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=39–40}} Exploiting the resulting instability, [[Leo I, Prince of Armenia|Leo]], an Armenian ruler in Cilicia, seized coastal towns from Antioch.{{sfn|Lilie|2004|pp=105–106}} In 1136, Antiochene envoys proposed Constance's marriage to John's youngest son [[Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel]], but Fulk instead arranged her marriage to the French [[Raymond of Poitiers]].{{sfn|Lilie|2004|pp=103-104}}{{sfn|Harris|2022|p=92}}{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|p=81}} In the early 1130s, John's younger brother, [[Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)|Isaac Komnenos]], defected from the empire and sought support among Muslim and Christian rulers in the Middle East. Lilie argues that Isaac's ultimately unsuccessful search for allies heightened John's concerns about the region.{{sfn|Lilie|2004|pp=110–111}} Three 12th-century historians, however, offer differing explanations for Byzantine intervention: [[John Kinnamos]] and [[William of Tyre]] emphasise Constance's marriage, while [[Niketas Choniates]] highlights Armenian expansion.{{sfn|Harris|2022|p=92}}{{sfn|Lilie|2004|pp=109–112}} Meanwhile, the Turkoman general [[Imad al-Din Zengi|Zengi]] began expanding his territory in Syria.{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=39–40}} Exploiting the resulting instability, [[Leo I, Prince of Armenia|Leo]], an Armenian ruler in Cilicia, seized coastal towns from Antioch.{{sfn|Lilie|2004|pp=105–106}} In 1136, Antiochene envoys proposed Constance's marriage to John's youngest son [[Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel]], but Fulk instead arranged her marriage to the French [[Raymond of Poitiers]].{{sfn|Lilie|2004|pp=103-104}}{{sfn|Harris|2022|p=92}}{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|p=81}} By the mid-1130s, Byzantine concern over the empire's southeastern frontiers had intensified. Three 12th-century historians differ in their explanations: [[John Kinnamos]] and [[William of Tyre]] emphasise Constance's marriage, while [[Niketas Choniates]] highlights Armenian expansion.{{sfn|Harris|2022|p=92}}{{sfn|Lilie|2004|pp=109–112}} [[File:Ioannes II Komnenos1138.jpg|left|thumb|alt=A crowned man talks with a man wearing a turban at the gate of a fortress, while a group of knights stands behind him.|Negotiations between [[John II Komnenos]] and the emir of [[Shaizar]] during the 1138 [[Siege of Shaizar (1138)|siege of the city]] (from a 13th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's chronicle).]] [[File:Ioannes II Komnenos1138.jpg|left|thumb|alt=A crowned man talks with a man wearing a turban at the gate of a fortress, while a group of knights stands behind him.|Negotiations between [[John II Komnenos]] and the emir of [[Shaizar]] during the 1138 [[Siege of Shaizar (1138)|siege of the city]] (from a 13th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's chronicle).]]