DUSTIN VOLZ, JULIAN E. BARNES, SHEERA FRENKEL, TRIPP MICKLE2026年5月13日越来越多的国家安全官员和分析人士开始将中美之间日益激烈的人工智能竞争比作冷战时期的核军备竞赛。 Marissa Leshnov for The New York TimesA representative from a Chinese think tank approached officials from Anthropic at a meeting in Singapore last month to insist that the company change its stance and give Beijing access to its powerful new artificial intelligence model, according to people briefed on the discussions.据知情人士透露，上个月在新加坡举行的一次会议上，一家中国智库的代表接触了Anthropic公司官员，坚持要求该公司改变立场，允许北京方面使用其强大的新人工智能模型。Anthropic refused.Anthropic拒绝了。The request was not an official demand from the Chinese government. But the talks in Singapore were a form of exchange that is often meant to pave the way for formal, direct diplomacy.这一请求并非中国政府的正式要求。但新加坡的这次会谈是一种常见的交流形式，通常旨在为正式、直接的外交铺平道路。When officials from the National Security Council at the White House learned about the exchange at the meeting, which was convened by the Washington-based Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, they reacted with alarm. Some Trump administration officials saw it as another sign that Beijing would try every possible avenue to swiftly acquire the most powerful artificial intelligence model a U.S. company has produced so far, according to people briefed on the discussions.获悉这次会议的交流内容后，白宫国家安全委员会官员表示警觉。据知情人士透露，一些特朗普政府官员将此视为另一个信号，表明北京会尝试一切可能的途径，迅速获取美国公司迄今为止开发的最强大人工智能模型。此次会议由总部位于华盛顿的卡内基国际和平基金会召集。However subtle, the outreach is a sign of the intensifying competition between China and the United States over artificial intelligence, which a growing number of national security officials and analysts have begun to liken to the Cold War’s nuclear arms race. Chinese analysts see the release of the latest models from Anthropic and ChatGPT as a significant advance in American technology, one that could pose a threat to China.尽管方式微妙，但此次接触显示中美在人工智能领域的竞争正在加剧。越来越多的国家安全官员和分析人士开始将这场竞争比作冷战时期的核军备竞赛。中国分析人士认为，Anthropic和ChatGPT最新模型的发布是美国技术的重大进步，可能对中国构成威胁。The escalating rivalry is an important backdrop to the summit this week between the United States and China. President Trump is scheduled to arrive in Beijing on Wednesday, for meetings with the Chinese leader Xi Jinping. While the race to develop the most effective model is unlikely to be discussed, the two sides could talk about access to the chips that power artificial intelligence or guardrails around its use.这一不断升级的竞争是本周中美峰会的重要背景。特朗普总统计划于周三抵达北京，与中国领导人习近平举行会晤。虽然开发最有效模型的竞赛不太可能被讨论，但双方可能会谈到驱动人工智能的芯片获取问题或围绕其使用的防护措施。Previewing the summit Sunday during a call with reporters, a senior U.S. official said A.I. and cybersecurity were high on the agenda with Beijing, noting concerns with “the latest models of A.I.” The official said the United States and China were exploring how to establish better communication over artificial intelligence, creating a “deconfliction” channel in which experts from each country could address the risks of artificial intelligence.一名美国高级官员周日在与记者的电话会议上预览峰会时表示，人工智能和网络安全是与北京的重点议题，并提到了对“最新人工智能模型”的担忧。该官员称，美国和中国正在探索如何建立更好的人工智能沟通机制，创建一个“冲突化解”渠道，让两国专家能够共同应对人工智能风险。In April, Anthropic announced a new A.I. model called Mythos. The company said it was withholding it from a public release because it was skilled at finding software vulnerabilities and could cause a cybersecurity reckoning. It made the model available to the U.S. government and more than 40 organizations and companies, so that they could identify and guard against future attacks.今年4月，Anthropic宣布推出名为Mythos的新人工智能模型。该公司表示，由于该模型擅长发现软件漏洞，可能引发网络安全危机，因此暂不公开发布。它已将该模型提供给美国政府以及40多家组织和公司，以便它们识别并防范未来的攻击。The technology has set off alarm bells across the world. For rivals like China and Russia, it showed the risks of falling behind in the race to develop powerful artificial intelligence. The systems have the potential to give a nation-state the upper hand in defending against — and spearheading — cyberattacks at a vast scope and scale.这项技术已在全球范围内敲响警钟。对于中国和俄罗斯等竞争对手来说，这凸显了在开发强大人工智能竞赛中落后的风险。这些系统有可能让某一个民族国家在防御和发动大规模网络攻击方面占据上风。For years, U.S. officials have estimated that artificial intelligence models developed by the most advanced American firms are around six months ahead of China’s best models.多年来，美国官员一直估计，美国最先进公司开发的人工智能模型领先中国最佳模型约六个月。But according to some U.S. government and industry officials, the latest models — OpenAI’s ChatGPT 5.5 as well as Anthropic’s Mythos — have drastically extended the lead, potentially by nine months to a year. Other American officials have been more cautious, noting that China has a track record of catching up quickly.但根据一些美国政府和行业官员的看法，最新模型——OpenAI的ChatGPT 5.5以及Anthropic的Mythos——已大幅扩大领先优势，可能达到九个月至一年。也有美国官员较为谨慎，指出中国有快速追赶的记录。Last year, innovations by the Chinese firm DeepSeek showcased the country’s ability to close the A.I. gap. And DeepSeek has said that its new model was adapted to run on chips made by the Chinese tech giant Huawei, further underscoring Beijing’s push to keep pace.去年，中国公司深度求索(DeepSeek)的创新展示了该国缩小人工智能差距的能力。DeepSeek表示，其新模型已适配中国科技巨头华为制造的芯片，进一步凸显北京追赶的努力。Still, Chinese analysts have expressed concern over the potential of the new Anthropic model. One organization, IDC China, said that Mythos posed a significant risk to Chinese companies, and that Anthropic’s limits on its reach created a technology gap. Another analyst, highlighting the cybersecurity threat, wrote that China was sharpening swords while the other side rolled out a Gatling gun.尽管如此，中国分析人士仍对Anthropic新模型的潜力表示担忧。IDC中国表示，Mythos对中国公司构成重大风险，而Anthropic对其使用范围的限制制造了技术差距。另一位分析师在强调网络安全威胁时写道，中国正在磨刀，而对方已经推出了加特林机枪。Chinese analysts have been particularly worried because they view Anthropic as hostile to China. The start-up is currently embroiled in suits with the Pentagon, which announced it would be removed from American government networks after a dispute over how the technology would be used.令中国分析人士格外担忧的是，他们认为Anthropic对中国持敌对态度。这家初创公司目前正与五角大楼陷入诉讼，在双方就技术使用方式发生争执后，后者宣布将其从美国政府网络中移除。But since its founding, Anthropic has geared its business toward U.S. national security customers. It was the first to put its A.I. models on classified American networks, for example, and has long taken pains to keep its technology out of the hands of the Chinese. In September, Anthropic expanded restrictions on its technology to include companies whose ownership structures made them vulnerable to control “from jurisdictions where our products are not permitted, like China, regardless of where they operate.”但自成立以来，Anthropic一直将业务导向美国国家安全客户。例如，它是首批将人工智能模型部署到美国机密网络的公司之一，并长期努力防止其技术落入中国手中。今年9月，Anthropic扩大了对技术的限制范围，包括那些所有权结构使其容易受到“来自我们产品不被允许的司法管辖区（如中国）控制”的公司，无论它们在哪里运营。Increasingly, both the Chinese and U.S. governments view their artificial intelligence companies — including those that produce the models and the cloud companies that host the computer networks they run on — as national assets. China blocked a $2 billion acquisition by Meta of the Chinese A.I. company Manus. China has also told some of its A.I. start-ups that they cannot accept American investment without government approval.中美两国政府越来越多地将本国人工智能公司——包括生产模型的公司和托管其运行计算机网络的云服务公司——视为国家资产。中国阻止了Meta对中资人工智能公司Manus的20亿美元收购。中国还告知部分人工智能初创企业，未经政府批准不得接受美国投资。Anthropic and OpenAI have restricted access to their latest models to a few companies and U.S. government agencies. Both models have the ability to discover previously unknown vulnerabilities in computer networks.Anthropic和OpenAI已将其最新模型的访问权限限制在少数公司和美国政府机构。这些模型都具备发现计算机网络中未知漏洞的能力。Chinese officials have argued that Anthropic and OpenAI have been wrong to keep a close hold on the models, contending that China needs access to them to find vulnerabilities in software, especially to defend its own critical infrastructure.中国官员辩称，Anthropic和OpenAI严格控制模型的做法是错误的，认为中国需要获取这些模型来发现软件漏洞，尤其是保护自身关键基础设施。Officials from Anthropic declined to discuss the Chinese request.Anthropic官员拒绝讨论中方的这一请求。Liu Pengyu, a spokesman for the Chinese Embassy in Washington, said he was not familiar with the exchange at the Carnegie meeting. But he said China was committed to balancing A.I. development with security.中国驻华盛顿大使馆发言人刘鹏宇表示，他不了解卡内基会议上的那次交流。但他称，中国致力于平衡人工智能发展与安全。“China stands ready to strengthen exchanges and cooperation on A.I. with all parties, to foster shared benefits through joint consultation and to work together to create an open, inclusive and mutually beneficial development environment,” he said in a statement.“中方愿与各方加强人工智能交流与合作，通过共同协商实现互利共赢，共同营造开放、包容、互惠的发展环境，”他在声明中表示。U.S. officials noted that while a member of a Chinese think tank made the overture, it was all but certain that the Chinese government had approved and directed the message. Beijing typically exercises a strong degree of control over its think tanks, especially when they are engaged in unofficial diplomacy, like that type of exchange, known as a Track 2 dialogue.美国官员指出，虽然提出请求的是中国智库成员，但几乎可以肯定中国政府批准并指示了这一信息。北京通常对其智库实施高度控制，尤其是在进行像此次交流这样的非官方外交时，这样的外交被称为“二轨”对话。Dustin Volz为时报报道网络安全和情报领域，常驻华盛顿。Julian E. Barnes为《纽约时报》报道美国情报机构和国际安全事务。他撰写安全相关议题已有20余年。Sheera Frenkel常驻旧金山湾区，主要报道科技如何影响日常生活，尤其关注社交媒体公司，包括 Facebook、Instagram、Twitter、TikTok、YouTube、Telegram 和 WhatsApp。Tripp Mickle报道英伟达、谷歌和苹果等全球最大的科技公司。他也报道整个科技行业的趋势，包括裁员、生成式AI和机器人出租车等。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。