IVAN NECHEPURENKO2026年9月15日今年，莫斯科的一台配送机器人。俄罗斯人在享受新技术进步的同时，也身处一个日益受监控的社会框架之中。 Nanna Heitmann for The New York TimesOn the surface, today’s Moscow is a technological wonderland. You can use your face to pay for almost anything, like subway fares, or even to finalize the purchase of an apartment. Robots scurry across sidewalks making 15-minute grocery deliveries, and driverless taxis are set to begin commercial service this year.表面上看，如今的莫斯科是一个科技仙境。你可以刷脸支付几乎任何东西，从买地铁票到买房付款。机器人在人行道上穿梭，15分钟送达食品杂货，无人驾驶出租车将于今年开始商业运营。Underpinning many of the modern amenities is a robust digital infrastructure developed by the city government that has made life not only easier, but also safer. Policing aided by digital tools has helped cement Moscow’s transformation from the raw, unforgiving place it was 25 years ago, plagued by home burglaries, street muggings and murders.支撑这些现代便利的是市政府开发的强大数字基础设施，它让生活不仅更便利，也更安全。数字工具辅助的警务也帮助莫斯科完成了蜕变：25年前，这里还原始而残酷，入室盗窃、街头抢劫和谋杀横行。But there is a cost to the convenience and security: an expanding surveillance state.但便利与安全也有代价：一个不断扩张的监控国家。Moscow’s roughly 300,000 CCTV cameras make it one of the most heavily watched cities in the world. It is impossible to avoid a lens while simply walking through the city. The same cameras that whisk subway passengers through turnstiles are also used to monitor and flag people.莫斯科约有30万个闭路电视摄像头，这使其成为世界上监控最严密的城市之一。只要在城市里走一走，就不可能避开镜头。那些让地铁乘客快速通过闸机的摄像头也被用来监控和标记人员。In April, a Russian rock musician was detained by the police at a railway terminal in St. Petersburg after surveillance cameras mistook him for a similar-looking Ukrainian public figure wanted by the state. After checking his face and pulling at his hair to ensure it was not a wig, they let him go.4月，一名俄罗斯摇滚音乐人在圣彼得堡一个火车站被警方拘留，原因是监控摄像头把他误认成一名长相相似、被国家通缉的乌克兰公众人物。警方检查了他的脸，还拉扯头发确认不是假发，随后放他离开。The CCTV network is linked to biometric databases. Submission of biometric data is voluntary in Russia, but it is encouraged in widespread advertisements, and citizens cannot take full advantage of digital services without complying.闭路电视网络与生物识别数据库相连。在俄罗斯，提交生物识别数据是自愿的，但铺天盖地的广告鼓励这样做，而公民若不配合，就无法充分享受数字服务。These databases help the authorities target political dissent in addition to crime. Biometric feeds can be used to hunt down critics of the government after they hold gatherings. The days when outspoken Russians could flee to remote towns to avoid the authorities, as they did during Stalin’s purges, are largely over.这些数据库除了帮助当局在打击犯罪之外，还助其针对政治异见。生物识别数据流可用于在政府批评者举行集会之后追捕他们。大胆直言的俄罗斯人已经基本不再可能像斯大林清洗时期那样逃往偏远城镇躲避当局。一名市政工人在莫斯科的一个闭路电视摄像头旁插上俄罗斯国旗。莫斯科全市约有30万个此类摄像头。 Nanna Heitmann for The New York TimesAs of July, around 10 million Russians were using biometrics-driven applications in some form, and the Kremlin wants to increase that number, pushing citizens to adopt the tools for identification not only at train stations, but also at airports. This year, Moscow City Hall announced that a biometric system would recognize passengers on buses and trams, automatically deducting their fare once they confirmed the transaction in an app.截至7月，约1000万俄罗斯人正在以某种形式使用生物识别驱动的应用，克里姆林宫希望增加这一数字，推动公民不仅在火车站、也在机场采用这些工具进行身份识别。今年，莫斯科市政府宣布，一套生物识别系统将识别公交车和有轨电车上的乘客，乘客在应用中确认交易后，车费将自动扣除。Other major European cities also have large CCTV networks, most notably London. Moscow’s, however, is more centralized and uses biometrics to identify people spotted by cameras with fewer restrictions.其他主要欧洲城市也有大型闭路电视网络，最著名的是伦敦。但莫斯科的网络更集中，且对于使用生物识别技术识别摄像头发现人员限制更少。With Russia’s war in Ukraine, the stakes behind the growing surveillance have become higher.随着俄罗斯对乌克兰的战争，日益增长的监控背后的风险也更高了。Rumors of a new wave of military conscription, the first major mobilization since the early months of the war, have swept through Russia. While in the recent past it was relatively simple to evade a draft because enlistment offices were buried under paper files, artificial intelligence-enhanced digitized systems make that almost impossible now. The authorities introduced electronic summonses that carry the full legal weight of paper notices after thousands of Russians fled the draft in 2022.新一轮军事征兵的传言席卷俄罗斯——这将是战争最初几个月以来的首次重大动员。过去，逃避征兵相对容易，因为征兵办公室淹没在纸质文件中；但人工智能增强的数字化系统如今让这几乎不可能。2022年数千名俄罗斯人逃离征兵后，当局推出了具有纸质通知同等法律效力的电子传票。In March, Vlad, 28, an art and fashion photographer, received a summons to appear at a military enlistment office for a mandatory medical examination. Through the State Services app — a centralized portal for government services, medical care and identity verification — he learned that he had been barred from leaving the country until he complied.3月，28岁的艺术与时尚摄影师弗拉德收到传票，要求他到军事征兵办公室接受强制体检。通过“国家服务”应用——一个集政府服务、医疗和身份验证于一体的集中门户——他得知自己在遵令执行之前已被禁止出境。Vlad, who asked that his last name be withheld for fear of repercussions, said he now lived “in fear” as he defied the summons, which he believes could be a prelude to being sent off to war.弗拉德因害怕遭到报复而要求不公开姓氏。他说由于没有听从该指示，他如今“生活在恐惧中”，他认为这张传票可能是他被送上战场的前奏。“There is total control because you give up so much data that your every step can be traced,” he said. He has stopped using the subway, terrified of the cameras.“这是全面控制，因为你交出太多数据，你走的每一步都能被追踪，”他说。他因害怕摄像头而不再乘坐地铁。带有面部识别支付功能的莫斯科地铁闸机。Kremlin-aligned analysts argue that the government is using convenient apps and data collection to build a system that is more responsive to people’s needs than what can be provided by Western democracies, which struggle to plan long term because of changes in government and, in some cases, limit digital services because of privacy concerns.与克里姆林宫立场一致的分析人士认为，政府正在利用便捷的应用和数据收集建立一个比西方民主国家更能回应民众需求的系统。西方民主国家因政府更迭而难以长期规划，有时还因隐私担忧而限制数字服务。Russia remains steps away from China’s “social credit” system, which rates people on their behavior in financial, legal and other matters and limits the freedom of offenders. But Russian technocrats clearly view Beijing’s digital architecture as a blueprint.俄罗斯距离中国的“社会信用”体系仍有一段距离。该体系根据人们在金融、法律等事务中的行为进行评分，并限制违规者的自由。但俄罗斯技术官僚显然将北京的数字架构视为蓝图。Gleb Kuznetsov, a political analyst who previously worked for a major Kremlin-aligned think tank, pointed to Moscow under its longtime mayor, Sergei Sobyanin, and to Shenzhen, the Chinese high-tech megacity, as urban models superior to Western capitals.曾在主要的亲克里姆林宫智库任职的政治分析人士格列布·库兹涅佐夫认为，长期由市长谢尔盖·索比亚宁领导的莫斯科以及中国高科技大城市深圳是优于西方首都的城市模式。“Sobyanin’s approval rating is high not because ‘the elections lack competition,’” Mr. Kuznetsov said in response to written questions, “but because the city government genuinely works in the interest of its residents.”“索比亚宁的支持率高不是因为‘选举缺乏竞争’，”库兹涅佐夫在对书面问题的回答中说，“而是因为市政府真正为居民利益服务。”The Russian authorities, however, can be quick to pull the plug on the networks undergirding these digital amenities when they perceive a security threat, highlighting a tension between technocratic agencies and the security services.然而，一旦感知到安全威胁，俄罗斯当局可能迅速切断支撑这些数字便利的网络，这凸显了技术官僚机构与安全部门之间的紧张关系。In March, for instance, mobile internet services were abruptly shut down for more than two weeks across much of central Moscow, including in the subway system, temporarily rendering many of the city’s prized digital services useless.例如，今年3月，莫斯科中部大部分地区——包括地铁系统——的移动互联网服务突然关闭超过两周，该市许多引以为傲的数字服务暂时失效。Residents were left stunned by the blackout, which some analysts speculated was a result of intense state paranoia after the assassination of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Iran.居民对这次断网感到震惊。一些分析人士推测，这是伊朗阿亚图拉阿里·哈梅内伊遇刺后国家极度恐慌的结果。“Russia is going to go back to a situation 25 years ago where you have ‘patchwork globalization,’” said Jeremy Morris, an ethnographer who is one of the few Western academics who continue to conduct fieldwork in Russia.“俄罗斯将回到25年前那种‘拼凑式全球化’的局面，”民族志学者杰里米·莫里斯说。他是少数仍在俄罗斯进行田野调查的西方学者之一。“You could go into one place and it would be super, super cybernetic and technological,” he added, “and then you walk out of the zone of coverage and you’re back to a basic economy.”“你走进一个地方，那里高度网络化、技术化，”他补充说，“可一旦走出覆盖区，就又回到一个初级的经济体中。”今年互联网服务曾在多个时段被关闭，使该市许多数字服务失效。According to a Russian official involved in developing digital infrastructure, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak publicly, a quiet war is being waged within the state.据一位参与数字基础设施开发的俄罗斯官员称，国家内部正在打一场无声的战争。他因未获公开表态授权而要求匿名。Technocratic agencies like the Ministry of Digital Development, he said, are colliding with the Federal Security Service, or F.S.B. — specifically its notorious political-policing department. While it has access to digital tools, the F.S.B. was not involved in creating them. It favors old-school analog methods of monitoring and controlling society, the official said, even if that means breaking the technology that the technocrats spent billions building.他说，数字发展部等技术官僚机构正与联邦安全局——尤其是其臭名昭著的政治警察部门——发生冲突。安全局虽能使用数字工具，却未参与创建这些工具。这位官员说，它偏爱老式的模拟手段来监控和控制社会，哪怕这意味着破坏技术官僚花费数十亿打造的技术。The F.S.B.’s stance is partly driven by institutional self-preservation, as A.I. threatens to erode the justification for its sprawling apparatus of human agents, the official said.这位官员说，安全局的立场部分源于机构自保，因为人工智能可能削弱其庞大特工体系的存在理由。Ultimately, both the digital and security agencies are competing for the ear and mind of one man: President Vladimir V. Putin, who has demanded that the government develop A.I. while insulating it from Western influence.最终，数字机构与安全机构都在争夺一个人的倾听与关注：总统弗拉基米尔·V·普京。他要求政府发展人工智能，同时使其不受西方影响。In April, speaking at a high-profile Kremlin meeting on A.I., Mr. Putin framed the stakes in existential terms. “The sovereignty of the Russian state in the near future — and, without exaggeration, its very existence — depends on our ability to perform well in A.I., along with digital platforms and autonomous systems,” he said.4月，普京在克里姆林宫一次高调的人工智能会议上以关乎生死存亡的措辞描述此事的重要性。“俄罗斯在不久的将来的主权以及——毫不夸张地说——国家存亡本身，取决于我们在人工智能以及数字平台和自主系统方面表现出色的能力，”他说。Yet for all of its ambitions, Russia lacks the infrastructure and hardware to develop the technology in isolation from China and the United States. Western sanctions related to the invasion of Ukraine have limited Russia’s access to cutting-edge chips, and many of its top technical minds have left the country since the war began in 2022.然而，尽管雄心勃勃，俄罗斯仍缺乏脱离中国和美国、自主开发这项技术所需的基础设施和硬件。与入侵乌克兰相关的西方制裁限制了俄罗斯获取尖端芯片，自2022年战争爆发以来，许多顶尖技术人才已离开该国。Russia’s two flagship A.I. models — one developed by the country’s largest state-owned bank and the other by its leading domestic tech company — were “inspired” by or heavily rely on Chinese open-source architectures.俄罗斯的两个旗舰人工智能模型——一个由该国最大国有银行开发，另一个由该国领先的科技公司开发——“灵感来自”或严重依赖中国的开源架构。In the end, said Ilya Grashchenkov, a Moscow-based political analyst, Russia is likely to be defined by what he called an attempt to “combine the seemingly incompatible.” That, he said, involves building an “external digital perimeter” to close the country off from the world, while accelerating digitization within Russia.莫斯科政治分析人士伊利亚·格拉什琴科夫说，最终，俄罗斯的特征可能在于他所说的尝试“把看似不相容的东西结合起来”。他说，这包括建立“外部数字边界”，将国家与世界隔绝，同时加速俄罗斯内部的数字化。Vlad, the photographer who received the military summons, said he would gladly do away with the frictionless, high-tech conveniences if it meant getting back the freedom that was truly missing.收到军事传票的摄影师弗拉德说，如果能换回真正缺失的自由，他乐意放弃这些无缝的高科技便利。Life in Russia, he said, now resembles “living in an oxygen mask.”他说，如今俄罗斯的生活就像“戴着氧气面罩活着”。Ivan Nechepurenko报道俄罗斯、乌克兰、比利时、高加索国家和中亚国家新闻。他常驻莫斯科。翻译：经雷点击查看本文英文版。