Data availabilityThe IPD analyzed in this study cannot be shared publicly because restrictions related to participant consent, ethics approvals and institutional agreements apply. For data access, please submit a request to the corresponding author (L.T.) and the last senior author (E.K.). Access requests will be considered in consultation with all co-authors who contributed the IPD, and an initial response will be provided within 2 weeks. Access can be granted upon approval from all relevant data contributors, provided that an appropriate data-sharing agreement is in place, the original studies permit onward data sharing under their participant consent and ethics approvals, and the proposed analysis plan has been approved by the data contributors. Any shared data may be used only for the approved research purposes.Code availabilityThe R code used for data analysis is publicly available at https://osf.io/azq5k/files/osfstorage.ReferencesAndersson, G. 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A. et al. Translating the BDI and BDI-II into the HAMD and vice versa with equipercentile linking. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 29, e24 (2020).Article Google Scholar Brooks, M. E. et al. glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R J. 9, 378–400 (2017).Article Google Scholar Harrer, M., Sprenger, A., Illing, S., Ciharova, M. & Buntrock, C. ipdconverters: IPD Common Metric Converters for Depression & Anxiety Scores [BETA]. R package version 009000 https://github.com/mathiasharrer/ipdconverters (2025).Download referencesAcknowledgementsWe extend our sincere gratitude to our co-authors for their willingness to participate in the SYNTHESIS IPD project, recruit participants, share the primary data, contribute to the feedback and collaborate on this study. We also thank C. A. Crawford from the Department of Psychology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, USA, for his key scientific and technical contributions to the SYNTHESIS IPD project, specifically by leading the data preparation and sharing data for his relevant trial included in the project.FundingA.R. was funded by the company (Meru Health Inc) by the Research Council of Finland (grant 259764). F.W.B. was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society, Alpe d’HuZes (VU 2010–4808). J.M.-M. was supported by a ‘Miguel Servet’ research contract from the Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII: CP21/00080) and received support from the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Oxford, UK, and the Spanish CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP CB22/02/00052; ISCIII). J.M. was funded by grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 1046875, Beyond Blue and Windemere. J.N. was funded by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council grant (2008839) and Australian Medical Research Future Fund grant (1145382). R.M.F.K. was funded by a Norwegian Research Council (309264). E.K. was funded by a Veni grant from Dutch Research Council (Veni.195.215 6806). The other authors declare no relevant funding.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Clinical, Neuro & Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsLingyao Tong, Olga-Maria Panagiotopoulou, Clara Miguel, Mathias Harrer, Arpana Amarnath, Marketa Ciharova, Annemieke van Straten, Heleen Riper, Pim Cuijpers & Eirini KaryotakiDepartment of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsOlga-Maria Panagiotopoulou, Arnoud Arntz & Eirini KaryotakiCenter for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Paris, FranceClara MiguelDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, GermanyMathias HarrerParent-Infant Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaAlan W. Gemmill & Jeannette MilgromAgency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute for Human Development and Potential, Singapore, SingaporeAlicia Salamanca-SanabriaCollege of Health and Care Professionals of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaAlishia WilliamsFaculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PortugalAna FonsecaDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Division of eHealth in Clinical Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, GermanyAnna Carlotta ZarskiDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, GermanyAnna Carlotta Zarski & Matthias BerkingArbo Unie, Utrecht, the NetherlandsAnna GeraedtsDepartment of Psychiatry, Division of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandAnu RaevuoriClinicum, Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandAnu RaevuoriDivision of Clinical Informatics and Digital Transformation, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USAArka GhoshResearch Department, GAIA AG, Hamburg, GermanyBjörn MeyerFoundation for Depression and Suicide Prevention, Depression Research Center, Leipzig, GermanyCaroline Allenhofmentalis GmbH, Nuremberg, GermanyChristian Aljoscha LukasDepartment of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, GermanyChristine Knaevelsrud, Manuel Heinrich & Pavle ZagorscakGerman Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Berlin-Potsdam, Berlin-Potsdam, GermanyChristine KnaevelsrudSchool of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UKChristopher WilliamsDepartment of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaCiyong LuAmsterdam UMC, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsClaudi BocktingAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsClaudi BocktingAmsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsClaudi BocktingCentre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsClaudi BocktingPsychology and Digital Mental Health Care, Technical University Munich, Munich, GermanyDavid Daniel EbertRED Digital Health Consulting, Dublin, IrelandDerek RichardsOregon Research Institute, Springfield, OR, USAEdward G. FeilDepartment of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USAElizabeth L. AddingtonDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenErik ForsellStockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, SwedenErik ForsellDepartment of Health Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaFenglin CaoDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainFernando L. VázquezSchool of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UKFlorien Willemijn BoeleStichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, the NetherlandsFlorien Willemijn BoeleSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AustraliaFrances Kay-LambkinUniversity Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenFredrik HolländareDepartment of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenGerhard AnderssonDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenGerhard AnderssonDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanyHarald BaumeisterDepartment of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, CanadaHeather D. HadjistavropoulosSydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaIsabella ChoiDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, GermanyJan Philipp KleinCenter for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, GermanyJan Philipp KleinMelbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaJeannette MilgromDepartment for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UKJeffrey LambertDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USAJennifer DahneHollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USAJennifer DahneDepartment of Psychology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USAJesse C. StewartImperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UKJessica SmithTeaching, Research and Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, SpainJesus Montero-MarinDepartment of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKJesus Montero-MarinConsortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health-CIBERESP), Madrid, SpainJesus Montero-MarinBlack Dog Institute, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaJill Newby & Mark DeadyDepartment of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsJinane Abi RamiaNational Mental Health Programme, Ministry of Public Health of Lebanon, Beirut, LebanonJinane Abi Ramia & Rabih El ChammayInstitute for Interactive Systems, Technical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, GermanyJo Annika ReinsDepartment of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Norrköping, SwedenJohan Lundgren & Peter JohanssonDepartment of Medical Social Sciences, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USAJudith Tedlie MoskowitzDepartment of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USAKathryn L. JacksonDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwayKjersti LillevollDepartment of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenKristofer VernmarkMedical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, GermanyLasse B. SanderClinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanyLina BraunNational Health Care Institute Netherlands, Diemen, the NetherlandsLisanne WarmerdamDepartment of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UKLiz Littlewood & Simon GilbodyHealth Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, SpainMargalida GiliResearch Institute of Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, SpainMargalida GiliDepartment of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, SpainMargalida GiliCentre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, SwedenMartin Kraepelien, Nils Lindefors & Viktor KaldoSwiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandMichael P. SchaubDivision of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenMonica BuhrmanDepartment of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, USANicholas R. ForandSchool of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaNickolai TitovPrivate practice, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaNicole PughDepartment of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, IndiaNitin GuptaDepartment of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenPer Carlbring & Robert JohanssonSchool of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaPer CarlbringPsychiatry Department, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, LebanonRabih El ChammayFaculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, South Jakarta, IndonesiaRetha ArjadiStudent Wellbeing Programmes, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsRianne van der ZandenHealth Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Global Mental Health, King’s College London, London, UKRicardo ArayaDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, GermanyRico KrämerResearch Center for Digital Mental Health Services, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, NorwayRobin Maria Francisca KenterDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsRosa BoeschotenMental Health Program, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsRosa BoeschotenDivision of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USASamir K. GuptaClinic of Psychotherapy, Cologne, GermanySandra SchlickerWise Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSarah PeriniDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, GermanyStephan KöhlerKlinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, GermanyStephanie NobisDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandThomas BergerDepression Research Centre of the German Foundation for Depression and Suicide Prevention, Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, GermanyUlrich HegerlDepartment of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainVanessa BlancoDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, SwedenViktor KaldoDepartment of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the NetherlandsViktor PopFontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, the NetherlandsViola SpekArjuna Labs, Kentfield, CA, USAWendy PotsPeking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, ChinaYaoyao SunDepartment of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenYvonne ForsellWHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsPim Cuijpers & Eirini KaryotakiBabeș-Bolyai University, International Institute for Psychotherapy, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaPim CuijpersAuthorsLingyao TongView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarOlga-Maria PanagiotopoulouView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarClara MiguelView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMathias HarrerView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarArpana AmarnathView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMarketa CiharovaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAlan W. GemmillView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAlicia Salamanca-SanabriaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAlishia WilliamsView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAna FonsecaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAnna Carlotta ZarskiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAnna GeraedtsView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAnnemieke van StratenView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarAnu RaevuoriView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarArnoud ArntzView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarArka GhoshView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarBjörn MeyerView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCaroline AllenhofView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarChristian Aljoscha LukasView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarChristine KnaevelsrudView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarChristopher WilliamsView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarCiyong LuView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarClaudi BocktingView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarDavid Daniel EbertView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarDerek RichardsView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarEdward G. 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GuptaView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSandra SchlickerView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSarah PeriniView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSimon GilbodyView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarStephan KöhlerView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarStephanie NobisView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarThomas BergerView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarUlrich HegerlView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarVanessa BlancoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarViktor KaldoView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarViktor PopView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarViola SpekView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarWendy PotsView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarYaoyao SunView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarYvonne ForsellView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarPim CuijpersView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarEirini KaryotakiView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsL.T., P.Cu. and E.K. conceived and designed this study. L.T. acquired and curated the data, conducted the statistical analyses with input from M.Ha., and drafted the paper. L.T., O.-M.P., C.M., A.Am. and E.K. collected and harmonized the IPD. E.K. and P.Cu. supervised the study. All authors (L.T., O.-M.P., C.M., M.Ha., A.Am., M.C., A.W.G., A.S.-S., A.W., A.F., A.C.Z., A.Ge., A.v.S., A.R., A.Ar., A.Gh., B.M., C.A., C.A.L., C.K., C.W., C.L., C.B., D.D.E., D.R., E.G.F., E.L.A., E.F., F.C., F.L.V., F.W.B., F.K.-L., F.H., G.A., H.B., H.D.H., H.R., I.C., J.P.K., J.M., J.La., J.D., J.C.S., J.S., J.M.-M., J.N., J.A.Ra., J.A.Re., J.Lu., J.T.M., K.L.J., K.L., K.V., L.B.S., L.B., L.W., L.L., M.He., M.G., M.D., M.K., M.Be., M.P.S., M.Bu., N.R.F., N.T., N.P., N.L., N.G., P.Z., P.Ca., P.J., R.E.C., R.Arj., R.v.d.Z., R.Ara., R.K., R.J., R.M.F.K., R.B., S.K.G., S.S., S.P., S.G., S.K., S.N., T.B., U.H., V.B., V.K., V.P., V.S., W.P., Y.S., Y.F., P.Cu. and E.K.) contributed to study conduct and critically reviewed the paper. L.T., O.-M.P., C.M., M.Ha., A.Am., M.C., P.Cu. and E.K. had full access to the anonymized data used in the study. All authors were responsible for the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to Lingyao Tong.Ethics declarationsCompeting interestsA.R. has equity ownership in Meru Health Inc. F.W.B. received Speaker fees from Servier, MedScape and MedTalks. N.R.F. has equity in Two Chairs, a tech-enabled behavioral health company headquartered in San Fransisco, CA. The other authors declare no competing interests.Peer reviewPeer review informationNature Mental Health thanks Inés Nieto, Xin Wang and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. 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