BERRY WANG2026年8月6日北京火车站外的吸烟者，摄于2月。中国消费了全球约一半的香烟，各地禁烟令的执行力度往往松懈，有时甚至形同虚设。 Gilles Sabrié for The New York TimesAmanda Zhang was planning a quiet dinner out with her mother, who had recently undergone surgery for lung cancer. But as Ms. Zhang walked through a shopping mall, she was suddenly confronted by clouds of cigarette smoke in the corridor outside the restaurant.阿曼达·张原本计划和刚做完肺癌手术的母亲安静地外出吃顿饭。可当她穿过一个购物中心，来到那家餐厅外的走廊时，那里烟雾缭绕，阵阵烟味扑面而来。Worried about her mother’s health, Ms. Zhang, a student in her 20s, approached the source, a middle-aged couple, and pointed out that smoking in indoor public areas was not allowed in Nanjing, a city in eastern China. When they persisted, she went into the restaurant, pulled out her phone and began photographing them through the window.出于对母亲健康的担忧，这位二十多岁的在校生走向烟雾的源头——一对中年夫妇，并指出南京室内公共场所不允许吸烟。可对方置若罔闻，她走进餐厅，掏出手机，隔着窗户开始给他们拍照。The man rushed inside and started berating her. He shoved his own phone in her face, taking photos. His family members, who were also eating at the restaurant, joined in the scolding. “If you don’t want to breathe smoke, stay home!,” his daughter can be heard screaming in a video Ms. Zhang recorded, which was reviewed by The New York Times.那名男子遂即冲进餐厅，对她破口大骂，还拿出自己的手机怼到她脸前，也给她拍照。他在餐厅用餐的其他家庭成员也加入了指责的行列。在《纽约时报》查看的一段由张女士录制的视频中，可以清楚地听到对方女儿大声喊道：“你不想吸二手烟，就待在家里啊！”Such friction is not unusual in China, which consumes roughly half the world’s cigarettes and where enforcement of local smoking bans can be lax or virtually nonexistent. Smokers routinely light up at bus stops, elevators, parks, restaurants and even hospitals.这样的摩擦在中国并不罕见。中国消费了全球约一半的香烟，各地禁烟令的执行力度往往松懈，有时甚至形同虚设。在公交车站、电梯、公园、餐厅，甚至医院，吸烟者随处可见，旁若无人地吞云吐雾。While tensions have simmered for years, disputes over smoking are becoming more visible — often amplified by social media — as a younger generation increasingly confronts smokers in public venues and demands stronger enforcement of rules.虽然这种矛盾多年来一直存在，但随着年轻一代日益主动地在公共场所与吸烟者正面交锋，并要求严格落实禁烟规定，由此引发的冲突也愈发引人瞩目，这些冲突往往经由社交媒体发酵广泛传播。“My mother told me not to meddle in others’ business, even though she has lung cancer,” Ms. Zhang said in an interview. “But the smokers have become out of control these days.”“我妈叫我少管闲事，尽管她自己得了肺癌，”阿曼达·张在接受采访时说，“但现在的烟民真是太肆无忌惮了。”• In June, a man in Shanghai was injured in a brawl at a restaurant after trying, according to state media, to shield his pregnant wife from secondhand smoke.• 今年6月，上海一名男子在餐厅与他人发生肢体冲突并受伤，据官方媒体报道，起因是他试图保护怀孕的妻子免受二手烟侵害。• In April, a woman surnamed Wang confronted a man who was smoking at a bus stop in Shenzhen. She splashed fruit juice on his hand, according to a police report cited by state media. Both were taken to a police station, where an officer strip-searched her, Ms. Wang said in a post online, an ordeal that set off an outcry on social media.• 今年4月，深圳一名王姓女子在公交车站与一名吸烟男子发生争执。据官方媒体引述的警方报告，她将果汁泼到了对方手上。两人被带到派出所，王女士在网上发帖称，一名警察在那里对她进行了脱衣检查，这一遭遇在社交媒体上引发了强烈抗议。• The same month, the police responded to another smoking-related assault at the Shanghai Disney Resort. That 34-year-old smoker apologized and provided compensation to the 24-year-old man who had complained, according to a police statement.• 同月，警方还对上海迪士尼度假区发生的一起与吸烟有关的冲突作出了回应。据警方通报，那名34岁的吸烟者向劝阻他的24岁男子道歉并作出了赔偿。Smoking is less common among young Chinese. Just 10 percent of people aged 15 to 24 were smokers in 2024, less than half the national rate.吸烟在中国年轻人中已不是那么普遍。2024年，15至24岁年龄段的吸烟率仅为10%，不足全国平均水平的一半。The issue also has a distinct gender dimension.这一问题还具有明显的性别差异。Half of men in China smoke, compared with less than 2 percent of Chinese women.中国男性吸烟率高达50%，而女性不足2%。“In Chinese culture, smoking cigarettes is considered a masculine thing. It is acceptable,” said Lu Pin, a Chinese feminist activist who is based in the United States. “The police also participate in and support this aspect of male culture, so they won’t invest resources” in enforcing anti-smoking rules, she added.“在中国文化中，抽烟被认为是男性气质的一种表现，是被社会接受的行为，”生活在美国的中国女权活动人士吕频说。“警方也认同并支持这种男性文化，所以他们不会投入资源”来执行禁烟规定。By contrast, smoking by women historically has been frowned upon in official propaganda.相比之下，女性吸烟在官方宣传中历来受到贬抑。“Nationalist trailblazers began tarring female smoking as ‘Western humiliation’ in the early 1900s,” said Matthew Kohrman, an anthropologist at Stanford University who studies China’s tobacco industry and gender issues. When the Communist Party took over in 1949, it “excoriated female smoking anew but also rebuilt the country’s war-torn tobacco industry” as a source of revenue, he said.“20世纪初，民族主义先驱就开始将女性吸烟斥为‘西化之耻’，”斯坦福大学研究中国烟草业和性别问题的人类学家马修·科尔曼说。1949年共产党执政后，“再次严厉谴责女性吸烟，但同时也重建了该国饱受战争摧残的烟草业”作为财政收入来源。The wife of China’s leader, Xi Jinping, a former smoker himself, publicly campaigned against smoking years ago, yet change has been slow. Bans exist in big cities like Beijing and Shanghai, but there are no nationwide rules.中国领导人习近平也曾是烟民，他的妻子多年前曾公开倡导禁烟，但改变依然缓慢。北京和上海等大城市存在禁烟规定，但中国目前没有全国性的禁烟法规。A decade ago, draft legislation for a national indoor smoking ban was blocked by China’s State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, experts have said. The administration both regulates the industry and operates the China National Tobacco Corporation, the country’s dominant cigarette maker. The company’s profits, together with taxes on tobacco, account for 7 percent of China’s annual revenue — an amount nearly equivalent to what the country says it spends on defense.据专家透露，十年前，一项全国性室内禁烟立法草案遭到国家烟草专卖局的阻挠而搁浅。这一机构身兼监管者与经营者双重角色，既负责规范烟草行业，又运营着中国最大的烟草生产企业中国烟草总公司。烟草公司上缴的利润加上烟草税合计占中国年度财政收入的7%，这一数字与中国公布的国防支出大体相当。“Given the fact that the people selling tobacco are the people setting the policy to control tobacco, there’s a lot of conflict of interest there,” said Ka Hung-Chan, an epidemiologist at the University of Oxford who studies China’s tobacco control policy.“销售烟草的同时也负责制定烟草管控政策，这其中存在大量的利益冲突，”牛津大学流行病学家、长期研究中国烟草控制政策的陈嘉洪（音）说。Tightened state control in recent years also has stifled anti-smoking media campaigns and deterred lawyers who once pursued lawsuits against those seen as failing to uphold no-smoking rules, experts say.专家还指出，近年来国家管控收紧也压制了禁烟宣传活动，并使那些曾代理起诉禁烟令执行不力相关案件的律师望而却步。Such changes have made tobacco-control advocacy more challenging, said Yang Gonghuan, a former deputy director of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.中国疾病预防控制中心原副主任杨功焕说，这些变化让控烟倡导工作变得更加困难。When Ms. Zhang, in Nanjing, urged the police to penalize the smokers she had confronted in the mall, the department refused, calling it a minor offense. She also filed complaints with multiple municipal bodies, to no avail.在南京，阿曼达·张要求警方处罚她在购物中心遇到的吸烟者，警方以情节轻微为由拒绝。她还向多个市级政府部门提出投诉，同样无功而返。“As an ordinary person, I feel a sense of helplessness about this,” Ms. Zhang said. “I just hope they carry out the law.”“作为一个普通人，我感到无能为力，”阿曼达·张说，“我只是希望他们能依法办事。”But after she posted messages online about the failure of her advocacy efforts, her social media accounts were silenced.但当她将自己维权努力失败的消息发到网上后，她的社交媒体账号被禁言了。Berry Wang是《纽约时报》记者/研究员，常驻香港。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。获取更多RSS：https://feedx.net https://feedx.site