MAGGIE HABERMAN, ANN E. MARIMOW2026年8月7日特朗普总统与顾问威尔·沙夫和斯蒂芬·米勒（左）及商务部长霍华德·卢特尼克（右）。周四，总统签署限制出生公民权的行政令后向媒体发表了讲话。 Haiyun Jiang/The New York TimesPresident Trump signed two executive orders on Thursday aimed at limiting the number of people who are eligible for birthright citizenship and cracking down on “birth tourism,” in which women give birth in the United States to get automatic citizenship for their newborns.周四，特朗普总统签署了两项行政命令，旨在限制有资格获得出生公民权的人数，并打击“生育旅游”，即女性通过在美国分娩来为其新生儿自动获取美国公民身份的行为。The new orders came weeks after the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 ruling, rejected the president’s previous efforts to end birthright citizenship for undocumented citizens through executive orders.这两项新命令出台前几周，联邦最高法院刚以六比三的裁决驳回了总统此前通过行政命令取消无证公民的子女出生公民权的企图。During an Oval Office event, Mr. Trump told reporters that the June 30 Supreme Court ruling was a “very, very unfortunate decision.”在椭圆形办公室的一场活动中，特朗普对记者表示，最高法院6月30日的裁决是一项“非常、非常不幸的决定”。“This was done right after the Civil War,” Mr. Trump said of the constitutional amendment granting automatic citizenship to infants born in the United States. “This was for the babies of slaves, and what’s happening now? People are building businesses around it.”.“那是南北战争刚刚结束的时候做的，”特朗普在谈到那条赋予在美国出生婴儿自动公民身份的宪法修正案时说。“那是为了奴隶的孩子，可现在成了什么？人们已经在利用它做生意了。”It was not immediately clear how the twin orders could realistically be enforced. They would restrict those who could qualify for birthright citizenship, to exclude children of staff working for foreign governments but serving in the United States, and the babies of mothers who lie about their intentions for visiting the country while pregnant. There is a third category, for babies born in U.S. territories, but that would first require congressional action.目前尚不清楚这两项行政命令在实际上将如何执行。它们将限制有资格获得出生公民权的人群，将外国政府驻美工作人员的子女，以及怀孕期间隐瞒访美真实目的的母亲所生的婴儿排除在外。还有第三类，即在美国领地出生的婴儿，但这首先需要国会采取行动。And then there are children whose parents are tagged by the government as being part of known terrorist groups or who are “alien enemies.”此外还包括被政府标记为已知恐怖组织成员或“敌对外籍人员”的子女。Mr. Trump has criticized birthright citizenship for years, using it as a political tool as he has repeatedly tried to restrict legal immigration. He has talked about trying to end it since his first presidency. And in an unusual move, he attended oral arguments in the birthright citizenship case at the Supreme Court, a presidential first.多年来，特朗普一直对出生公民权提出批评，并在屡次试图限制合法移民的过程中将其用作政治工具。他在第一个总统任期期间就一直在谈论取消该权利。他反常地出席了最高法院关于出生公民权案件的口头辩论，开创历任总统先河。Stephen Miller, Mr. Trump’s top domestic policy adviser and the architect of much of his immigration platform, and Will Scharf, the White House staff secretary, described the orders as important correctives to the current system.特朗普的最高国内政策顾问、其诸多移民政策的制定者斯蒂芬·米勒与白宫秘书威尔·沙夫将这些命令描述为对现有制度的重要纠偏。“As the president mentioned, the 14th Amendment was passed exclusively in the aftermath of the Civil War, so to ensure that the children of slaves would be citizens,” Mr. Miller said. “It had no other meaning and purpose outside of that, and that’s been clear, obviously, since the day that it was passed.”米勒说：“正如总统所提到的，第十四修正案完全是在南北战争结束后通过的，旨在确保奴隶的子女能够成为公民。除此之外，它没有任何其他含义和目的，自通过之日起，这一点显然就已经非常明确。”Mr. Scharf described “birth tourism” as “something that used to happen incidentally, where somebody who happened to be on vacation here went to labor early and had a baby,” a relatively narrow subset that has grown into “organized rings, at times criminal rings, setting up a system whereby” tens of thousands of people come to the country solely for that purpose.沙夫将“生育旅游”描述为“过去偶然发生的事，即有人恰好在这里度假时早产生下了孩子”，这是一个相对狭窄的范围，但如今已演变成“有组织的团伙，有时甚至是犯罪团伙，建立起一套制度”，使得数以万计的人仅仅为了这一目的来到美国。Mr. Scharf said among the actions being considered would be denying visas to visitors they suspect are coming to the country solely for delivering a child in the United States.沙夫表示，正在考虑的措施包括拒绝向那些被怀疑专程赴美分娩的访客发放签证。“There’s absolutely nothing in here that runs afoul of any of the Supreme Court’s opinions on the subject,” Mr. Scharf said.“这其中绝对没有任何违背最高法院就该问题所发表意见的内容，”沙夫说。Mr. Miller said that Section 215A of the Immigration and Nationality Act gives the president the authority to engage in these new restrictions, when asked how the administration will determine the difference between “tourism” and “birth tourism.”在被问及政府将如何区分“旅游”与“生育旅游”时，米勒表示，《移民与国籍法》第215A条赋予了总统实施这些新限制的权力。When a reporter noted that the president’s own solicitor general had been unable to tell the Supreme Court precisely how many people were benefiting from birthright citizenship, Mr. Trump replied, “I’ll tell you right now, hundreds of thousands, OK? Hundreds of thousands.”(Pennsylvania State University scholars released a study about the time of the Supreme Court ruling that found that fewer than 0.3 percent of all births in the United States were to tourists, in any year.)当一名记者提到总统自己的首席政府律师在最高法院未能准确说出究竟有多少人正受益于出生公民权时，特朗普回应道：“我现在就告诉你，数十万人，明白吗？数十万人。”（宾夕法尼亚州立大学的学者在最高法院裁决前后发布的一项研究发现，在任何年份，游客在美国生育的婴儿数量均不足全美出生总数的0.3%。）But Mr. Trump pressed on, “You have one man came in with a family head said he had 56 children. Another one came in. They said they had 98 children. This was not what it was for. This was meant for the babies of slaves. It was, it was right after one week or two weeks after the Civil War ended.” In fact, birthright citizenship was ratified as part of the 14th Amendment more than three years after the war ended.但特朗普继续说道：“有一个人进来，带着一个一家之主说他有56个孩子。又有一个人进来。他们说他们有98个孩子。这不是出生公民权的本意。这原来是要给奴隶的孩子的。当时是南北战争刚结束一个礼拜还是两个礼拜。”事实上，出生公民权是在南北战争结束三年多后作为第十四修正案的一部分得到批准的。Any renewed effort to prevent new classes of people from having babies in the United States who are automatically citizens would invite fresh rounds of litigation. There would likely be challenges, for instance, to who counts as “alien enemies” and invading armies — categories that lower court judges have already rejected in separate cases involving the Trump administration’s aggressive immigration policies.任何阻挠新的特定群体在美国分娩并使婴儿自动获得公民身份的努力都会引发新一轮的诉讼。例如，关于“敌对外籍人员”和入侵军队的界定可能会面临质疑——在涉及特朗普政府激进移民政策的其他案件中，下级法院法官已经驳回了这些类别定义。Federal immigration law gives the government broad power over entry into the United States, but the law also forbids discrimination in the issuing of immigrant visas. Limits on the entry of certain pregnant women from other countries, as the president’s order envisions, could also give rise to claims of discrimination.联邦移民法赋予了政府在入境美国事务上的广泛权力，但法律也禁止在发放移民签证时进行歧视。像总统行政命令所设想的那样对来自其他国家的部分孕妇入境进行限制也可能会引发歧视指控。In its final opinion of the Supreme Court’s term, the justices rejected Mr. Trump’s attempt to prevent babies born on U.S. soil to undocumented immigrants and temporary foreign residents from being given citizenship automatically.在最高法院本庭期的最后一篇判词中，大法官们驳回了特朗普阻止无证移民和临时外国居民在美国领土上出生的婴儿自动获得公民身份的企图。The decision was a major blow to Mr. Trump’s longstanding effort to limit the guarantee of birthright citizenship and the president wrongly suggested after the ruling that he could get around the court’s decision through legislation.这一裁决对特朗普长期以来限制出生公民权保障的努力构成了重大打击，而总统在裁决后错误地暗示，他可以通过立法来规避法院的这一决定。Five justices — a majority — found that birthright citizenship was guaranteed in the Constitution, meaning the president would likely need an amendment to change the long-held principle that nearly all children born in the United States are American citizens.五位大法官——即过半数——认定出生公民权受宪法保障，这意味着总统可能需要通过宪法修正案才能改变几乎所有在美国出生的儿童均为美国公民这一长期奉行的原则。A sixth justice, Brett M. Kavanaugh, said he would have struck down the president’s order based on federal law, not the Constitution.第六位大法官布雷特·M·卡瓦诺表示，他会基于联邦法律而非宪法来废除总统的行政命令。Soon after the court announced its decision on June 30, Mr. Trump said he would ask the justices to reconsider their decision, a long-shot request since the Supreme Court has not agreed to revisit an argued case in decades.6月30日法院公布裁决后不久，特朗普表示他将要求大法官们重新考虑其决定，但这是一个希望渺茫的要求，因为最高法院数十年来从未同意过重新审理已进行辩论的案件。The deadline for such a filing passed last week without the president asking for a rehearing.此类申请的提交期限已于上周截止，总统并未要求重新听证。In response to the president’s orders on Thursday, Cody Wofsy, deputy director of the ACLU’s Immigrants’ Rights Project, said in a statement, “The Supreme Court already decided this issue: Birthright citizenship is guaranteed by the Constitution. No additional executive order can change the meaning of the Constitution. Any executive order that tries to rewrite birthright citizenship will meet the same fate as the last one.”针对总统周四发布的命令，美国民权联盟(ACLU)移民权利项目副主任科迪·沃夫西在一份声明中表示：“最高法院已经对此事作出了裁决：出生公民权受宪法保障。任何附加的行政命令都无法改变宪法的含义。任何试图重写出生公民权的行政命令都将遭遇与上一项命令相同的命运。”Hamed Aleaziz对本文有报道贡献。Maggie Haberman是《纽约时报》白宫记者，报道特朗普总统。Ann E. Marimow自华盛顿为时报报道最高法院新闻。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。