A tobacco hornworm caterpillar is exposed to vibrations in an anechoic chamber. Binghamton University, State University of New YorkIn a quiet summer garden, a caterpillar perches on a branch, munching serenely on leaves. A moment later it freezes. It senses danger – and just in time. From behind, a wasp approaches, sizing up its prey. Tobacco hornworm caterpillars don’t look like they have ears, and yet they’re able to sense predators such as wasps. How does the caterpillar know a wasp is approaching? Scientists do not yet fully understand how this caterpillar’s senses work, but we are part of a team of biologists and engineers who want to figure it out. Our ongoing research suggests the tobacco hornworms can hear using tiny, supersensitive hairs on their body. Understanding the intricate biological mechanisms that allow this organism to perceive and interact with its environment would help solve a mystery of the natural world. It could also help scientists design new, cheaper microphone technology.Because the hornworms’ hairs are so sensitive, we have to study them in complete silence. And where better to study hearing than in the complete silence of an anechoic chamber?What happens in the anechoic chamberWhat happens outside the anechoic chamber stays outside the anechoic chamber, because it is meticulously built that way. Anechoic chambers are some of the quietest places in the world. They are engineered specifically to block the entry of any undesired sounds. Heavy-duty steel springs support the “floating” chamber and keep it from touching the ground. This detachment isolates the space from outside vibrations or noise.In such a chamber, we studied the caterpillars’ responses to vibrations. Every day for a year, we set up a caterpillar on a platform and sent vibrations toward the platform at a variety of intensities. To measure the movement and precise vibrations that traveled through the platform the caterpillar sat on, we used a device called an accelerometer. In response to vibrations, we sometimes saw the caterpillars jump; at other times they twitched or even shuddered from the sheer physical force. Through our observations, we pinned down the specific threshold where the caterpillars stopped reacting to vibrations. Any vibration weaker than that magnitude, and the caterpillar wouldn’t visibly react at all. Researchers study caterpillars in an anechoic chamber. After noticing this consistent pattern, we decided to test more caterpillars inside the anechoic chamber, but this time using airborne sound as the stimulus. The idea here was that if the caterpillars are more sensitive to sound than they are to vibrations, they are probably hearing airborne sounds independent of any vibrations. Sound is broadly defined as a form of vibration or energy that becomes audible, meaning you can hear it with your ears. But here’s the catch: Sound also causes objects to vibrate. To make sure the caterpillar wasn’t just sensing the sound’s vibrations through the platform, we also used the accelerometer to measure the vibrations that the platform experienced from the sound. Our goal was to compare the platform vibrations produced in two distinct scenarios: when sound through the air was used as the stimulus versus when just direct vibrations were used as the stimulus. We noticed that this time the caterpillars continued reacting to the sound even beneath their threshold of response to the direct vibrations. This finding suggested that they were hearing the airborne sounds. Finding the caterpillars’ ‘ears’So, where are their “ears”? Or rather, what are their “ears”?There are two ways of hearing sound: first from the sound waves’ pressure and second from the velocity of the particles making up the sound waves.For the longest time, scientists have associated hearing with tympanal organs. A tympanal organ in most mammals is a membrane that vibrates in response to pressure from sound waves. Its vibration moves the bone structures adjacent to it as well. In most insects that respond to sound pressure, the structure analogous to the tympanal organ is a sac filled with air. They perceive any vibrations to this sac as sound. But caterpillars pose a challenge to this typical hearing system, because they can hear but do not have obvious tympanal membranes. After digging into some past research and examining the caterpillars under the microscope, we spotted the distinctive hairs on their bodies. Researchers set up the hornworm caterpillar experiment in Binghamton University’s anechoic chamber. Binghamton University, State University of New York Thus, our next project began. We removed their hairs and compared their responses to sound before and after the hair removal. Sometimes we surgically removed all the hairs by plucking them with tweezers under the microscope, and sometimes we strategically targeted a few. The result was striking: The caterpillars’ defensive reactions decreased dramatically across various sound frequencies depending on which specific hairs were removed. While our research continues, and we haven’t yet published our results in a journal, this work is allowing us to piece together the caterpillar hearing puzzle and investigate which of these hairs are tuned to register different sound frequencies. This line of research into how insects hear sounds using specialized, microscopic hairs could inspire a new generation of acoustic tools. Standard microphones are devices that contain membranes within them that can detect sound pressure levels. By mimicking these biological systems, such as using structures like these hairs in place of membranes, future microphones could be designed to instead measure the air particle velocity caused by sound, alongside the sound pressure levels. Microphones that can detect air particle velocity would also be able to determine the direction of origin of the sound wave. In the case of microphone designs for hearing aids, a microphone that is able to track both sound pressure and air particle velocity could provide the user with information on both volume and direction of the sound wave. And studying caterpillars’ hearing systems and imitating how their “hearing hairs” work could inspire such directional microphones.The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.