KEITH BRADSHER, JACK EWING2026年8月24日中国要求九家汽车制造商采取措施，提高电动汽车上广泛采用的电动门把手的可靠性。 Qilai Shen for The New York TimesThe Chinese government announced its biggest car recall ever on Friday, forcing nine automakers to address the dangers of retractable door handles popularized by Tesla particularly for electric cars.中国政府周五宣布了有史以来最大规模的汽车召回行动，要求九家汽车制造商解决隐藏式门把手带来的安全隐患，这种门把手由特斯拉率先推广，在电动汽车中广泛流行。The recall involves 4.3 million vehicles. Most of the automakers, including Tesla, will attach stickers to their cars to show where the handles are. Tesla will also push online software updates to the cars so their windows will open automatically after a crash.此次召回涉及430万辆汽车。包括特斯拉在内的大多数汽车制造商将在车上贴上贴纸，标明门把手的位置。特斯拉还将向这些车辆推送在线软件更新，以便在发生碰撞后车窗能自动降下。Concerns about the doors have also flared in the United States, where families have sued Tesla, claiming its design is defective and led to the deaths of people who could not exit the company’s cars after accidents.在美国，对这类车门的担忧也日益加剧。一些家庭起诉了特斯拉，称其设计存在缺陷，导致人们在事故发生后无法逃离汽车导致丧生。China’s State Administration of Market Regulation said Friday that Tesla and eight Chinese automakers — Geely, Dongfeng, Xiaomi, Chery, Beijing Automotive, First Auto Works, Leapmotor and Xpeng — would each be conducting recalls. The largest of them by far will be by Tesla, covering almost three million cars, with the other manufacturers recalling a total of 1.3 million cars.中国国家市场监督管理总局周五表示，特斯拉和八家中国汽车制造商——吉利、东风、小米、奇瑞、北汽、一汽、零跑和小鹏——将分别进行召回。其中规模最大的当属特斯拉，涉及近300万辆汽车，其他制造商共计召回130万辆汽车。Tesla has long been one of the biggest sellers of electric vehicles in China.特斯拉长期以来一直是中国电动汽车销量最大的品牌之一。The recalls follow growing public anger in China about cases when drivers and passengers, as well as rescuers, had trouble finding and operating interior and exterior door handles during fires. Fires have been a problem in some electric cars, particularly older models that used less stable battery chemistries that are prone to extreme overheating after collisions.此次召回源于中国公众日益高涨的愤怒情绪。此前曾发生多起案例，在火灾事故中，司机、乘客以及救援人员往往难以找到并操作车内和车外的门把手。火灾问题在某些电动汽车中较为突出，尤其是那些采用稳定性较低的电池化学成分的旧款车型，在发生碰撞后极易严重过热。In early February, Chinese regulators banned fully retractable door handles from new cars starting next year. Many of these handles are powered, prompting concern about whether they will work when the car suffers an electrical failure, as can occur after a crash.今年2月初，中国监管机构宣布，从明年起将禁止新车使用全隐藏式门把手。这些门把手大多是电动的，这引发了人们的担忧：当汽车在碰撞后可能发生电气故障时，这种门把手是否还能正常工作。Chinese regulators have allowed the continued installation of semi-retractable door handles that do not become flush with the vehicle’s surfaces. In the United States, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has begun drafting new regulations as well.中国监管机构允许厂商继续安装不与车身表面完全平齐的半隐藏式门把手。在美国，国家公路交通安全管理局也已开始起草新规。2月，北京一家展厅内，一辆特斯拉Model YL电动汽车的车门。A video was widely circulated in China this year of a Dongfeng electric car that slid into a fence in southwestern China and caught fire after a collision with a truck. The driver exited, allowing his door to close behind him, but then had great difficulty opening any doors to extricate his passengers. He was eventually able to do so with the help of another motorist.今年，一段视频在中国广泛流传：在中国西南部，一辆东风电动汽车撞上护栏，随后与一辆卡车相撞并起火。司机下了车，车门在他身后自动关上，随后他发现难以打开任何一扇车门来解救乘客。最终，在另一位司机的帮助下，他才将乘客救出。The crash, which left his passengers with burn injuries, took place in March 2025 but did not become widely known until this year.这起导致乘客烧伤的碰撞事故发生在2025年3月，但直到今年才广为人知。Tesla popularized retractable door handles as providing a more streamlined look, although automotive engineers have said the gains in aerodynamic efficiency are modest. Chinese makers of electric cars quickly followed suit as they rapidly expanded from 2020 onward.特斯拉普及了隐藏式门把手，称其能带来更具流线型的外观，尽管汽车工程师表示，这种设计在空气动力学效率方面的提升微乎其微。随着中国电动汽车制造商从2020年起迅速扩张，它们也迅速效仿。Many electronic door latches rely on a 12-volt battery that is separate from the high-voltage battery that drives the motors of electric cars. If a crash cuts off the power from that smaller battery, the electronic door mechanism may not work. And people in the car may not be able to quickly find manual door latches, which are often not installed in the same area as the electronic mechanisms.许多电子车门锁依赖于一个12伏的电池，该电池与驱动电动汽车电机的高压电池是分开的。如果碰撞切断了这块小电池的电源，电子车门的机械装置可能就会失效。此外，车内的人员可能无法迅速找到手动车门开关，因为它们通常不与电子装置安装在同一个位置。Tesla did not respond to a request for comment.特斯拉没有回应置评请求。Fully electric cars and plug-in gasoline-electric cars accounted for three-fifths of the cars sold in China last month, as China leads the world in adoption of electric automotive technology. David Zhang, the dean of vehicle technology research at the Jiangxi New Energy Technology Institute, said the enormous recall showed China’s readiness to set safety standards for electric cars.随着中国在电动汽车技术应用方面引领全球，上月中国售出的汽车中，纯电动汽车和插电式混合动力汽车占了五分之三。江西新能源科技职业学院新能源汽车技术研究院院长张翔表示，此次大规模召回表明中国已准备好为电动汽车制定安全标准。“Automotive quality and safety issues have been improved through repeated updates,” he said.“通过多次更新，汽车的质量和安全问题已经得到改善，”他说。In the United States, lawsuits and news coverage about electronic doors have prompted federal regulators to begin drafting new rules, a process that could take many months and would apply to new cars several years hence.在美国，关于电子车门的诉讼和新闻报道已促使联邦监管机构开始起草新规，这一过程可能需要数月时间，将适用于几年后的新车。In California, Tesla faces lawsuits by the parents of two college students who died inside the company’s Cybertruck after the pickup crashed into a tree in Piedmont, an affluent suburb in the San Francisco Bay Area, in 2024.在加利福尼亚州，特斯拉正面临着两名大学生父母的起诉。2024年，这两名学生乘坐该公司的Cybertruck皮卡在旧金山湾区富裕的皮埃蒙特郊区撞树后，在车内死亡。The young people were unable to escape the burning vehicle, the suit claims, because the electronic doors were disabled in the crash, and it was too difficult to find manual release mechanisms.诉讼称，这些年轻人未能逃离燃烧的车辆是因为碰撞导致电子车门失灵，且极难找到手动解锁装置。Tesla is contesting the suit, arguing in court filings that the victims’ own negligence caused their deaths. A jury trial has been scheduled for next year, according to court records.特斯拉正在对该诉讼进行抗辩，在法庭文件中辩称是受害者自身的疏忽导致了他们的死亡。根据法庭记录，陪审团审判已定于明年进行。The automaker on Friday also announced a separate recall of 2.74 million cars in China to enhance the capacity of its cars to monitor whether drivers are paying attention to the road in front of them while automated driving systems are engaged. Tesla will transmit software to all of the recalled cars so that the cameras can more reliably monitor drivers’ eye movements and overall alertness.该汽车制造商周五还宣布在中国单独召回274万辆汽车，以提升其车辆在启动自动驾驶系统时监控驾驶员是否关注前方道路的能力。特斯拉将向所有召回的车辆推送软件更新，以便摄像头能够更可靠地监控驾驶员的眼部活动和整体警觉性。Many established Western and Asian automakers, including BMW, Ford Motor and Hyundai, have also started installing electronic doors, including in some cases on fossil fuel and hybrid models.宝马、福特汽车和现代汽车等许多老牌西方和亚洲汽车制造商也已开始安装电子车门，某些情况下甚至在燃油和混合动力车型上安装。Ruoxin Zhang对本文有研究贡献。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。Jack Ewing撰写关于汽车产业的报道，重点关注电动车领域。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。