艾莎, AARON KROLIK, KEITH BRADSHER2026年8月26日中国炼油企业以大幅折扣的价格采购了伊朗原油。 Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesChina lashed out at the Trump administration’s new sanctions campaign against Iran on Tuesday, warning that it would defend its interests and accusing the United States of disrupting the global financial order.周二，中国对特朗普政府针对伊朗的新一轮制裁行动予以猛烈抨击，警告称将捍卫自身利益，并指责美国破坏了全球金融秩序。The reaction set the stage for renewed friction between the world’s superpowers.这一反应为这两个世界超级大国之间重新爆发摩擦埋下了伏笔。Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent on Monday outlined plans to “sever every economic lifeline” to Iran, targeting a constellation of players that continue to provide the country with a financial lifeline. But the administration appeared to tread carefully around China, by far the largest customer of Iran’s most valuable export: oil.美国财政部长贝森特周一概述了“切断伊朗所有经济命脉”的计划，将目标对准了继续为伊朗提供金融生命线的各类实体。但美国政府在对待中国时似乎小心翼翼，中国是伊朗最有价值出口产品——石油——迄今为止最大的买家。The U.S. list of more than 60 brokers, companies and ships subject to sanctions included more than a dozen small companies from Hong Kong and mainland China. Conspicuously absent were heavyweights in China’s financial system — a sign, some experts said, that Washington was reluctant to jeopardize a fragile truce with China.在美国列出的60多个面临制裁的经纪商、公司和船只名单中，包含十几家来自香港和中国大陆的小公司。中国金融系统中的重量级机构却明显缺席——一些专家表示，这表明华盛顿不愿破坏与中国之间脆弱的休战状态。Beijing nevertheless responded forcefully. China will “take all necessary measures to firmly safeguard its own rights and interests,” Lin Jian, a spokesman for the foreign ministry, said at a news briefing on Tuesday.尽管如此，北京还是做出了强硬回应。中国外交部发言人林剑在周二的新闻发布会上表示，中国将“采取一切必要措施坚定维护自身权益”。Chinese state media went further. An editorial cartoon in China News portrayed the Statue of Liberty as a drug user with needles protruding from one arm, describing Washington’s use of sanctions as “an addiction.”中国官方媒体的言辞则更为激烈。中国新闻网的一幅社论漫画将自由女神像描绘成一个吸毒者，手臂上插着针头，将华盛顿动辄使用制裁描述为“一种瘾”。The confrontational reaction underscored a dilemma for the Trump administration. Beijing has long defied American sanctions and continued to buy Iranian oil. At the same time, China supplied Tehran with raw materials and technology that support its economy and military. Yet nearly six months into a war with Iran, the United States has shown little appetite for opening another economic front with an increasingly retaliatory China.这种对抗性的反应凸显了特朗普政府面临的困境。长期以来，北京一直无视美国的制裁，继续购买伊朗石油。与此同时，中国还向德黑兰提供支持其经济和军事的原材料及技术。然而，在与伊朗开战近六个月后，美国几乎没有表现出与报复力度日益增强的中国开辟另一条经济战线的意愿。The timing is particularly delicate. China’s top leader, Xi Jinping, is expected to travel to the United States next month to meet with President Trump to continue talks aimed at stabilizing the countries’ relationship.当前的时机尤为微妙。预计中国最高领导人习近平将于下个月前往美国，与特朗普总统会面，继续就稳定两国关系进行磋商。作为伊朗原油的主要买家之一，恒力石化于4月成为美国制裁的目标。On Monday, when he was asked why the administration had not targeted Chinese banks, Mr. Bessent said only that “quiet diplomacy” was the best form of engagement. He did vow at one point to still penalize a large international financial institution, though he did not offer specifics. To some analysts, Mr. Bessent’s failure to call out China amounted to a tacit acknowledgment that preserving the truce with China may, for now, outweigh the benefits of taking more aggressive action against Iran.周一，当被问及为何美国政府没有把中国各银行列为目标时，贝森特仅表示，“低调外交”是最好的接触方式。他一度承诺，仍会惩罚一家大型国际金融机构，但并未提供具体细节。在一些分析人士看来，贝森特没有公开点名中国相当于默认：目前维持与中国的“休战”状态可能比对伊朗采取更强硬行动带来的好处更为重要。Washington “has been extremely reluctant to go after China,” said Daniel Tannebaum, a Treasury Department official during the George W. Bush administration and now a partner at Oliver Wyman, a consulting firm. “I don’t think that changes today, especially at a time when China has more leverage than the United States does.”“华盛顿极不愿意针对中国，”小布什政府时期的财政部官员、现任奥纬咨询合伙人丹尼尔·坦南鲍姆表示。“我认为这种情况至今未变，尤其是在中国比美国拥有更多筹码的时期。”For decades, the United States has exploited its central position in the global financial system to isolate adversaries like Iran and North Korea, threatening to exclude companies and banks from conducting transactions in dollars if they do business with sanctioned entities. Successive rounds of sanctions have largely left Iran cut off from the global financial system, but they have failed to incapacitate its economy.几十年来，美国一直利用其在全球金融体系中的核心地位来孤立伊朗和朝鲜等对手，威胁若企业和银行与受制裁实体做生意，将被禁止使用美元进行交易。连续多轮的制裁在很大程度上切断了伊朗与全球金融体系的联系，但未能使其经济陷入瘫痪。But more recently, China has shown it is willing to use its own economic choke points. During the bruising trade war of the past year, Beijing restricted access to critical minerals and used its control over supply chains against American companies as leverage.但最近，中国已表明愿意利用自身掌握的经济命脉。在过去一年残酷的贸易战中，北京限制了关键矿产的获取，并利用其对供应链的控制来对付美国企业，以此作为施压筹码。China agreed last year to temporarily postpone controls on exports of rare-earth minerals as part of a thaw in relations with the United States. That one-year reprieve is set to lapse weeks after Mr. Xi and Mr. Trump are scheduled to meet.去年，作为中美关系缓和的一部分，中国同意暂时推迟对稀土矿物出口的管制。这一为期一年的暂缓期将在习近平和特朗普计划会面几周后到期。That leverage has raised the potential cost of confronting Beijing over Iran, even as China has become critical to Tehran’s ability to withstand American pressure.这种筹码提高了在伊朗问题上与北京对抗的潜在成本，尽管此时中国已成为德黑兰抵御美国压力能力的关键。Since the United States and Israel launched their attack on Iran on Feb. 28, Washington has imposed sanctions on more than 400 companies, people and ships tied to Iran from countries including Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and China.自2月28日美国和以色列对伊朗发动袭击以来，华盛顿已对来自土耳其、阿拉伯联合酋长国和中国等国与伊朗有关联的400多家公司、个人和船只实施了制裁。It has added more than 1,000 entities to its sanctions list since the start of Mr. Trump’s second term, effectively cutting them off from the dollar, according to an analysis by The New York Times. The targets have included Chinese shipping companies and oil refiners.据《纽约时报》分析，自特朗普开启第二任期以来，美国已将1000多个实体列入制裁名单，实质上切断了它们与美元的联系。这些制裁对象包括了中国的航运公司和炼油厂。Yet Iranian oil has continued to flow to China.然而，伊朗石油仍在源源不断地流向中国。Large quantities are now sitting aboard ships and in storage tanks around the Malacca Strait and the South China Sea and near Chinese ports, according to Muyu Xu, a senior oil analyst at Kpler, an industry data provider.据行业数据提供商开普勒的高级石油分析师许木鱼（音）称，目前有大量石油储存在马六甲海峡、南海周边以及中国港口附近的船只和储油罐中。Data from Kpler shows that China has received around 1.2 million barrels of oil a day from Iran so far in 2026, only slightly less than the same period last year. Up-to-date volumes are difficult to measure because ships have become increasingly skilled at evading detection, Ms. Xu said.开普勒的数据显示，2026年迄今为止，中国平均每天从伊朗接收约120万桶石油，仅略低于去年同期。许木鱼表示，由于船只规避监测的能力日益增强，最新进口量难以准确统计。China’s three national state-controlled oil giants have avoided buying Iranian crude because of their extensive ties to Western banks. But privately owned Chinese refiners known as “teapots” have bought Iranian oil at steep discounts and turned it into gasoline and diesel for the domestic market.由于与西方银行有着广泛的联系，中国三大国有控股石油巨头一直避免购买伊朗原油。但被称为“茶壶”的中国民营地方炼油厂却以极大的折扣购买伊朗石油，并将其加工成汽油和柴油供国内市场使用。中国石油天然气集团公司在北京的一家加油站。该集团旗下的一家银行此前曾因与伊朗存在金融往来而遭到美国制裁。Those companies can be especially difficult for Washington to pressure. Many have few international transactions that the Treasury Department can target by restricting access to the dollar through global banks. Instead, they are believed to conduct much of their trade in Chinese currency or cryptocurrencies.对于华盛顿而言，要对这些企业施加压力尤为困难。其中许多企业几乎没有国际交易，这就使得美国财政部无法通过全球银行限制其获取美元来进行精准打击。相反，外界认为它们的大部分贸易是用人民币或加密货币进行的。The trade has also developed elaborate methods for shielding ships and cargoes from Western sanctions. Iranian oil is frequently transported to waters off Malaysia, where cargoes are transferred between vessels before continuing to Chinese ports.这种贸易还发展出了保护船只和货物免受西方制裁的复杂方法。伊朗石油经常被运往马来西亚附近海域，在那里，货物于船只之间进行转运，然后再继续运往中国港口。In April, the United States targeted a handful of Chinese teapot refineries, including Hengli Petrochemical Refinery. One of Iran’s biggest customers, the refinery was found to have purchased billions of dollars of Iranian crude from the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, which wields considerable military, political and economic clout in Iran.今年4月，美国将目标对准了包括恒力石化在内的几家中国茶壶炼油厂。作为伊朗最大的客户之一，该炼油厂被发现从伊斯兰革命卫队购买了价值数十亿美元的伊朗原油，伊斯兰革命卫队在伊朗拥有巨大的军事、政治和经济影响力。Still, even if the U.S. Treasury Department does not take overt measures against big Chinese banks, international banks might start curtailing business with them, said Han Lin, the China country director of the Asia Group, an American consulting firm. Big banks are wary about incurring the wrath of American regulators.尽管如此，美国咨询公司亚洲集团中国区总监林涵（音）表示，即使美国财政部不对中国的大型银行采取公开措施，国际银行也可能会开始减少与它们的业务往来。大型银行担心招来美国监管机构的怒火。The big international banks “will become much more conservative about engaging in any transactions” with any Chinese financial institutions, he said.他表示，大型国际银行在与任何中国金融机构“进行任何交易时，都将变得更加保守”。Washington has confronted China over Iranian oil before. Around 2012, during the administration of President Barack Obama, American diplomats pressed China and other countries to wind down purchases of Iranian crude, which were then conducted more openly.华盛顿以前也曾因伊朗石油问题与中国发生过对抗。2012年前后，奥巴马总统执政期间，美国外交官曾敦促中国和其他国家减少对伊朗原油的购买，当时的购买行为要公开得多。Around that time, the United States also put sanctions on Bank of Kunlun, a Chinese financial institution owned by China National Petroleum Corporation, over its ties to Iran and for doing business with Iranian banks already under sanctions.大约在同一时间，美国还对昆仑银行实施了制裁，理由是这家由中国石油天然气集团公司控股的中国金融机构与伊朗存在联系，且与已受制裁的伊朗银行开展业务。But the Trump administration has stopped short of imposing the kind of sanctions on major financial institutions that could fundamentally disrupt Beijing’s economic relationship with Tehran.但特朗普政府并没有对大型金融机构实施那种可能从根本上破坏北京与德黑兰经济联系的严厉制裁。“We have not in recent years demonstrated a willingness to run the risk of undermining our economic standing” in exchange for pushing Chinese banks away from Iran, said Richard Nephew, an official in the Obama administration who helped negotiate the Iran nuclear agreement.曾参与谈判伊朗核协议的奥巴马政府官员理查德·尼菲说：“近年来，我们并未表现出愿意冒着削弱自身经济地位的风险”来迫使中国银行远离伊朗。There are powerful reasons for that caution. Mr. Nephew pointed to Washington’s 2018 sanctions against Oleg Deripaska and Rusal, the Russian giant that was then the world’s second-largest aluminum producer. Aluminum markets went haywire at the prospect that a major source of global supply could be cut off.这种谨慎是有充分理由的。尼菲指出，华盛顿曾在2018年对奥列格·德里帕斯卡及俄罗斯铝业联合公司实施制裁，后者当时是全球第二大铝生产商。在全球主要供应源可能被切断的预期下，铝市场一度陷入混乱。Targeting systemically important Chinese banks or companies could produce a shock on an entirely different scale.将具有系统重要性的中国银行或公司作为打击目标可能会产生规模截然不同的惊人冲击。“You could find markets going nuts,” Mr. Nephew said. “You could find companies going nuts. You can find insurance companies going nuts, banks going nuts.”“你会看到市场陷入疯狂，”尼菲说。“你会看到公司陷入疯狂。你会看到保险公司陷入疯狂，银行也会陷入疯狂。”Murphy Zhao自香港对本文有报道贡献。艾莎(Alexandra Stevenson)是《纽约时报》上海分社社长，报道中国经济和社会新闻。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。