MADELEINE NGO2026年8月25日特朗普政府呼吁对H-1B签证计划进行全面改革，称该计划不公平地让公司排挤美国人，并以较低的薪酬雇用外籍工人。 Doug Mills/The New York TimesThe Trump administration on Monday proposed charging a new steep fee for visas granted to skilled foreign workers, in the latest attempt to fundamentally overhaul the H-1B visa program.特朗普政府周一提议，对授予高技术外籍工人的签证收取一笔新的高额费用，这是其从根本上改革H-1B签证项目的最新尝试。Under the proposal, the Department of Homeland Security would attach a $103,265 fee to the visa, mirroring a move by the administration last year to impose a $100,000 fee to new H-1B visas. But that effort ran into legal stumbles. A federal judge threw out the fee in June, a decision that the federal government said it would appeal.根据这项提案，国土安全部将对每份签证收取103265美元的费用，这与政府去年对每份新H-1B签证征收10万美元费用的举措如出一辙。但那次努力遭遇了法律障碍。一位联邦法官在6月否决了该费用，联邦政府表示将对这项裁决提出上诉。Critics of the proposed regulation view it as another attempt by the administration to install the fee, despite the legal challenges. If finalized, the fee would be applied in a substantially broader way and have far-reaching implications for businesses across the country that rely on the H-1B program to fill crucial jobs.批评该拟议监管规则的人士认为，这仍是政府再次试图强征该费用，尽管在法律上已经面临挑战。若该规定最终敲定，其适用范围将大幅扩大，并对全国依赖H-1B项目填补关键岗位的企业产生深远影响。“It’s much bigger in scope,” said Doug Rand, who was a senior official at U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services in the Biden administration. “This regulation, if enacted, would have catastrophic effects on America’s global talent pipeline.”“其范围要大得多，”曾在拜登政府时期担任美国公民及移民服务局高级官员的道格·兰德表示。“这项法规若得以实施，将对美国的全球人才输送管道造成灾难性影响。”The $100,000 fee was imposed by President Trump last September through a proclamation citing the president’s authority to shut out certain foreign nationals from entering the United States. That meant the fee was not triggered by every new H-1B visa issued this year — it applied only to workers outside the United States, meaning that companies that hired workers already in the country were able to skirt the fee.特朗普总统去年9月通过一则公告宣布征收10万美元费用，该公告利用的是总统禁止某些外国国民入境的权力。这意味着并非今年签发的每一份新H-1B签证都需缴纳该费用——它仅适用于在美国境外的工人，因此，雇用已在美国境内工人的公司得以规避此费用。Many firms, including big technology companies, were largely shielded from the changes because they mostly use the H-1B program to recruit international students and other foreign workers who already have some form of status inside the United States. The impact was mostly felt by companies that relied on recruiting workers from overseas, such as I.T. firms that had been among the program’s biggest beneficiaries for years.包括大型科技企业，许多公司在很大程度上免受这些变化的影响，因为它们主要利用H-1B项目招聘国际学生或其他已在美国境内拥有某种身份的外籍工人。影响主要集中在依赖从海外招聘工人的公司，例如多年来一直是该项目最大受益者之一的IT公司。But the new proposal appears to apply to workers inside the United States, marking a major shift and potentially requiring more companies to re-evaluate their use of the program.但新提案似乎也适用于美国境内的工人，这标志着一个重大转变，可能迫使更多公司重新评估对H-1B的使用。In a statement, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services said the new fee would apply to all petitions subject to the annual cap on H-1B visas. Because demand typically exceeds the small number of visas available each year, most employers must enter a lottery once a year to compete for them. This year, the agency said it received more than 211,000 registrations, far exceeding the 85,000 visas available annually.美国公民及移民服务局在一份声明中表示，新费用将适用于所有受H-1B签证年度配额限制的申请。由于需求通常远超每年可用的少量签证，大多数雇主必须每年参加一次抽签以竞争名额。服务局称，今年收到了超过21.1万份登记，远高于每年8.5万个签证的配额。The Homeland Security Department estimated that the new fee would generate about $8.8 billion annually. The agency said the proposed fee would not apply to employers exempt from the annual cap on the visas, providing some relief for nonprofit universities and hospitals that can apply for H-1B visas year-round.国土安全部估计，新费用每年可带来约88亿美元收入。该机构表示，拟议费用不适用于不受年度配额限制的雇主，这为非营利性大学和医院提供了一定缓冲，它们可以全年申请H-1B签证。The Trump administration has called for an overhaul of the H-1B visa program, saying it has unfairly allowed companies to sideline Americans and hire foreign workers at lower pay. The program has long faced controversy, garnering calls for reform across the political spectrum.特朗普政府呼吁对H-1B签证项目进行全面改革，称该项目不公平地让公司排挤美国人，并以较低的薪酬雇用外籍工人。该项目长期以来一直饱受争议，各政治派别都呼吁进行改革。Still, economists generally agree that the visa holders boost American productivity and raise wages even for American workers.尽管如此，经济学家普遍认为，签证持有者提高了美国的生产率，甚至也提高了美国工人的工资。Some business groups immediately voiced concern over the administration’s proposal, saying it would prevent smaller businesses from accessing the visas.一些商业团体立即对政府的提案表示担忧，称这会阻碍小企业获得签证。Neil Bradley, chief policy officer at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, said the fee would make it prohibitive for “even more U.S. employers — especially the thousands of start-ups and small and midsize businesses who rely on H-1Bs — to utilize the program.”美国商会首席政策官尼尔·布拉德利表示，该费用将使“更多的美国雇主——尤其是成千上万依赖H-1B的初创企业以及中小型企业——无法使用该项目”。“The program helps companies expand, innovate, and create jobs across their operations,” Mr. Bradley said in a statement.“该项目帮助企业扩大规模、创新，并在其运营的各环节创造就业机会，”布拉德利在声明中表示。The chamber challenged the $100,000 fee in court last year, saying it would “inflict significant harm on American businesses.” In that lawsuit, a federal judge allowed the administration to move forward with the visa fee, leading the chamber to say that it would appeal the decision. Six months later, a federal judge in Massachusetts reached the opposite decision in a separate lawsuit and voided the policy.商会去年在法庭上对10万美元费用提出质疑，称其将“对美国企业造成严重损害”。在那起诉讼中，一名联邦法官允许政府继续收取签证费，商会随后表示将对该裁决提出上诉。六个月后，马萨诸塞州的另一名联邦法官在另一起诉讼中得出了相反结论，并废止了该政策。U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services said the fee would help cover the costs of multiple federal agencies under the Homeland Security Department.公民及移民服务局表示，该费用将有助于支付国土安全部下属多个联邦机构的成本。“The proposed H‑1B fee is intended to recover the costs incurred across the federal government to adjudicate, vet and support lawful immigration programs that otherwise must be funded by taxpayers,” Zach Kahler, a spokesman for U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, said in a statement.“拟议的H-1B费用旨在回收联邦政府为审批、审查和支持合法移民项目所产生的成本，否则这些成本必须由纳税人承担，”服务局发言人扎克·卡勒在声明中表示。U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services is primarily funded by fees it charges people applying for immigration benefits, such as green cards. But in its proposal, the agency said it would also use the money it collected from the H-1B fee to cover certain costs at other agencies like Immigration and Customs Enforcement, which already receives funding appropriated by Congress.服务局的资金主要来源于其向申请移民身份（如绿卡）的人收取的费用。但在其提案中，该机构表示还将用从H-1B费用中收取的资金来支付移民及海关执法局等其他机构的某些成本，而后者已获得国会拨付的资金。“That seems to be very legally tenuous, if not outright illegal,” said Sarah Pierce, a former policy analyst at Citizenship and Immigration Services, who is now the director of social policy at the center-left think tank Third Way.“这似乎在法律上非常站不住脚，甚至根本就是违法的，”曾任公民及移民服务局政策分析师、现为中左翼智库“第三条道路”社会政策主任的莎拉·皮尔斯表示。Madeleine Ngo为时报报道移民和经济政策新闻。翻译：经雷点击查看本文英文版。