GENEVIEVE GLATSKY, SARA WAYRA2026年9月8日位于秘鲁钱凯、由中国运营的这座庞大的新货运港成为秘鲁与华盛顿之间紧张关系的根源，但秘鲁人认为它对经济至关重要。 Sara Wayra for The New York TimesPeru’s ambassador in Washington, Luis Miguel Castilla, received a stern phone call in 2015 from the State Department, after U.S. officials learned that a Chinese firm would finance a sprawling new Pacific Coast port project.2015年，美国官员获悉一家中国企业将资助太平洋沿岸一个规模庞大的新港口项目，随后，秘鲁驻华盛顿大使路易斯·米格尔·卡斯蒂利亚接到美国国务院的一通严厉电话。Why, they asked, was Peru handing Beijing a strategic foothold in South America?他们质问，秘鲁为何要将南美洲的一个战略据点拱手让给北京？Mr. Castilla’s answer was blunt: Western investors had already passed.卡斯蒂利亚的回答很直白：西方投资者早已放弃了这个项目。The port’s Peruvian private sector promoters “came to knock on doors here and in Europe, and no one opened the door,” Mr. Castilla said. “So, any space left behind is space that someone else takes.”该港口的秘鲁私营部门发起人“曾经来到这里和欧洲，到处敲门，但没人开门，”卡斯蒂利亚说。“因此，任何留下的空白，都会被其他人填补。”Today, the $1.3 billion Chinese-backed mega-port in Chancay, north of Lima, the capital, has become the most visible symbol of China’s expanding economic presence in Peru.如今，这座位于首都利马以北的钱凯、由中国出资13亿美元支持的超级港口已成为中国在秘鲁不断扩大的经济存在的最醒目标志。It is also a key reason the country, which Secretary of State Marco Rubio is planning to visit this week, has emerged as a testing ground for one of President Trump’s core objectives in Latin America: rolling back Beijing’s influence in the Western Hemisphere.这也是该国成为特朗普总统在拉丁美洲核心目标试验场的关键原因，他旨在削弱北京在西半球的影响力。国务卿鲁比奥计划本周访问秘鲁。4月，工人们在钱凯远程控制和监控港口作业。Senior administration officials have warned while offering no evidence that Chinese-financed projects threaten Peru’s sovereignty and, in the case of the port, could give Beijing a military foothold.美国政府高级官员警告称（尽管未提供任何证据），中国融资的项目威胁到秘鲁的主权，并且该港口可能会给北京提供一个军事立足点。But in Peru, Washington’s pressure collides with a stubborn reality. China has become Peru’s largest trading partner and a major investor in mining, energy and infrastructure — a relationship that has helped underpin one of South America’s most resilient economies.但在秘鲁，华盛顿的施压与一个难以改变的现实发生了碰撞。中国已成为秘鲁最大的贸易伙伴，也是采矿、能源和基础设施领域的主要投资者——这种关系帮助支撑了南美洲最具韧性的经济体之一。Even the inauguration in July of President Keiko Fujimori, a staunch conservative who has pledged closer security cooperation with Washington, is unlikely to deliver the anti-China shift the Trump administration seeks.即便是今年7月就职的总统藤森庆子——一位坚定的保守派，承诺加强与华盛顿的安全合作——也不太可能带来特朗普政府所寻求的对华政策转向。She has given no indication she will scale back ties to China. In her first speech to Congress, Ms. Fujimori described Peru as a “bridge” between Latin American and Asia.她并未表现出将缩减与中国的关系的迹象。在对国会的首次演讲中，藤森庆子将秘鲁描述为连接拉丁美洲与亚洲的“桥梁”。Over the past decade, Peru has cycled through nine presidents, four impeachments, repeated waves of mass protests, one attempted self-coup and countless corruption scandals.在过去十年里，秘鲁经历了九任总统、四次弹劾、反复爆发的大规模抗议浪潮、一次未遂的自发政变，以及无数的腐败丑闻。美国官员将钱凯港及其他由中国出资的项目描述为战略威胁，但秘鲁表示需要这些基础设施投资。Yet it has maintained steady economic growth, low inflation and strong investor confidence, avoiding the debt crises and sharp downturns that have plagued several of its neighbors.然而，该国却保持了稳定的经济增长、低通胀和强劲的投资者信心，避免了困扰多个邻国的债务危机和急剧衰退。The benefits, however, have been uneven. Millions of Peruvians still live in poverty and rely on underfunded schools and health care.不过，这些红利并未得到均衡分配。数以百万计的秘鲁人仍然生活在贫困之中，依赖资金不足的学校和医疗保健服务。Experts attribute Peru’s economic stability largely to an independent central bank and successive governments that left economic policy to career economists, insulating it from politics.专家们认为，秘鲁的经济稳定主要归功于独立的中央银行，以及历届政府将经济政策交由职业经济学家负责，使其免受政治的干扰。In addition, China has become a crucial pillar of Peru’s economy. When the 2008 financial crisis cratered U.S. and European demand for minerals, China’s construction boom continued absorbing Peruvian copper and iron. China eventually surpassed the United States as Peru’s largest trading partner and today buys roughly a third of the country’s exports.此外，中国已成为秘鲁经济的关键支柱。当2008年金融危机导致美国和欧洲对矿产的需求暴跌时，中国的建筑热潮继续吸收着秘鲁的铜和铁。中国最终超越美国成为秘鲁最大的贸易伙伴，目前购买了该国约三分之一的出口产品。“China has been the perfect partner during these years because they bought everything,” said Eduardo Dargent, a Peruvian political analyst.“这些年来，中国一直是一个完美的合作伙伴，因为他们什么都买，”秘鲁政治分析师爱德华多·达根特表示。在美国无法买到的低价中国汽车在秘鲁销售火爆。雪佛兰销售经理安东尼奥·安吉亚诺表示：“几乎所有品牌的受欢迎程度都略有下降，因为中国品牌的受欢迎程度有所提升。”Beyond trade, Chinese firms have steadily expanded into sectors Western businesses have retreated from — Chinese state-owned enterprises have bought Peruvian infrastructure companies from U.S. and European firms. Today, Chinese companies control Lima’s electricity distribution system and play a role in transportation, banking and telecommunications.在贸易之外，中国企业还稳步进军西方企业已经撤出的领域——中国国有企业从美国和欧洲公司手中收购了秘鲁的基础设施公司。如今，中国公司控制着利马的配电系统，并在交通、银行和电信领域发挥着作用。Experts describe China as a patient partner, with state-owned firms that often think on longer timelines than private Western companies under pressure to deliver quarterly profits to stockholders. President Xi Jinping of China inaugurated the port in November 2024, calling it “a new Asia-Latin America land-sea corridor for the new era.”专家们将中国描述为一个耐心的合作伙伴，其国有企业往往着眼于更长远的时间跨度，而受制于向股东交付季度利润压力的西方私营企业则不然。中国国家主席习近平于2024年11月为该港口揭幕，称其为“新时代亚拉陆海新通道”。To Washington, however, China’s presence represents something ominous. U.S. officials have repeatedly warned that the Chancay port could eventually provide access for the Chinese navy. After it opened, a Trump administration envoy proposed a 60 percent tariff on cargo routed through Chinese-controlled ports in Latin America, though it has not come to pass.然而，对华盛顿而言，中国的存在代表着某种不祥之兆。美国官员曾多次警告说，钱凯港最终可能会为中国海军提供通道。该港口开放后，特朗普政府的一名特使提议，对通过中国控制的拉美港口运输的货物征收60%的关税，尽管这一提议并未实现。钱凯货运码头的起重机。“China’s investment advances the Chinese Communist Party’s political agenda abroad, often at the expense of the receiving nation,” the State Department said in a statement. “Through President Trump’s leadership, the United States is working to address risks posed to the security and prosperity of our hemisphere.”美国国务院在一份声明中表示：“中国的投资在海外推进了中国共产党的政治议程，往往以牺牲接受国为代价。在特朗普总统的领导下，美国正致力于应对对我们半球安全与繁荣构成的风险。”Diplomatic friction escalated this year after a legal dispute erupted over what authority Peru’s transportation regulator maintained over the privately operated port.今年，围绕秘鲁交通监管机构对这家私营港口拥有何种管辖权爆发了一场法律纠纷，导致外交摩擦升级。“Peru could be powerless to oversee Chancay,” which is controlled by “predatory Chinese owners,” the State Department wrote on X in February. “Let this be a cautionary tale for the region and the world: cheap Chinese money costs sovereignty.”“秘鲁可能无力监管钱凯港，”该港口由“掠夺性的中国所有者”控制，美国国务院今年2月在X平台上写道。“愿这成为该地区乃至全世界的警示：廉价的中国资金要以主权为代价。”But Peruvian officials say the port is regulated by the port authority, police, customs, transportation ministry and others.但秘鲁官员表示，该港口受到港务局、警察、海关、交通部及其他部门的监管。“We face constant and meticulous oversight,” said Paola Fune, who oversees government affairs for the port.“我们面临着持续且细致的监管，”负责该港口政府事务的保拉·富内表示。The Chancay port, operated by the Chinese state-owned shipping giant COSCO, has reduced shipping times to China from as many as 40 days to 23, port officials say, and is expected to become a major trade hub, increasing Peru’s integration with Asian markets.港口官员表示，由中国国有航运巨头中国远洋海运运营的钱凯港将通往中国的航运时间从长达40天缩短至23天，预计这里将成为一个主要的贸易枢纽，从而加深秘鲁与亚洲市场的融合。The port features autonomous cranes, driverless trucks, remote-controlled cargo operations and a mile-long tunnel routing container traffic beneath the city.该港口配备了自动化起重机、无人驾驶卡车、远程控制的货物作业系统，以及一条长约1.6公里、在城市地下引导集装箱交通的隧道。钱凯项目的一部分是一条长1.6公里的隧道，用于将集装箱通过卡车运往港口或从港口运出。Hotels and restaurants are rapidly expanding in Chancay, while universities and health care networks have begun buying land for satellite campuses and offices.在钱凯，酒店和餐馆正在迅速扩张，而大学和医疗网络也已开始购买土地，用于建设卫星校区和办事处。Peru’s political and technocratic elite view the port as a major win for the country and bristle at being told by the Trump administration how to manage their commercial relationships.秘鲁的政治和技术官僚高层将该港口视为国家的重大胜利，并对特朗普政府指手画脚、干涉其商业关系管理的方式感到不满。“They’ve been taking potshots at it, but they can’t make it stick,” said Cynthia Sanborn, a leading China scholar at Lima’s Universidad del Pacífico. “Peruvians are really proud of that port.”“他们一直在对它进行明枪暗箭的攻击，但无法让这些指责成立，”利马太平洋大学著名中国问题学者辛西娅·桑伯恩表示。“秘鲁人对那个港口感到非常自豪。”“The U.S. comes along and says, ‘Oh, you’re losing your sovereignty.’ That’s very paternalistic,” Ms. Sanborn said.“美国跑过来说，‘哦，你们正在丧失主权。’这很有大家长作风，”桑伯恩说。利马太平洋大学的中国问题专家辛西娅·桑伯恩表示，美国官员批评中国在秘鲁的投资，“但他们无法让这种批评站得住脚”，而且也没有提出任何可与之相提并论的替代方案。Criticism from Washington rings hollow, analysts say, because many Peruvians see a stark contrast between Chinese and American engagement.分析人士指出，华盛顿的批评显得苍白无力，因为许多秘鲁人看到了中美两国在参与方式上的鲜明对比。While China has poured money into ports, mines and electricity infrastructure, U.S. engagement has focused on security projects paid for by Peru, including a $1.5 billion modernization of Peru’s naval base and the purchase of American F-16 fighter jets.当中国大量注资于港口、矿山和电力基础设施时，美国的参与却集中在由秘鲁自己买单的安全项目上，包括耗资15亿美元的秘鲁海军基地现代化改造，以及采购美国F-16战斗机。“The Chinese are investing in Peru and Peru is giving its money to the U.S.,” Ms. Sanborn said.“中国人在秘鲁投资，而秘鲁则把钱交给了美国，”桑伯恩说。U.S. pressure to buy 24 F-16’s provoked widespread criticism over the $3.5 billion cost and the strain on public resources.美国施压要求秘鲁购买24架F-16战斗机的举动引发了对其35亿美元高昂成本及对公共资源造成压力的广泛批评。“Aren’t there other, more important uses for that money than buying fighter jets?” said Mr. Castilla, now a senior visiting fellow at the London School of Economics.“比起购买战斗机，这笔钱难道没有其他更重要的用途吗？”卡斯蒂利亚说，他现在是伦敦政治经济学院的高级访问学者。The tension is visible in the combative posture of the U.S. ambassador, Bernie Navarro, whose sharp rhetoric has alienated Peru’s political class. When it briefly seemed the fighter jet deal would fall through, Mr. Navarro wrote on X that Washington would use “every available tool” to promote its interests “if you deal with the U.S. in bad faith.”这种紧张局势在美国大使伯尼·纳瓦罗好斗的姿态中清晰可见，他尖锐的言辞使秘鲁政界感到疏远。当战斗机的交易一度看似要泡汤时，纳瓦罗在X平台上写道：“如果你们和美国打交道时不怀好意”，华盛顿将动用“一切可用工具”来推进自身利益。负责钱凯港政府事务的帕奥拉·富内正站在一幅展示该港全球货物流向的巨型屏幕前。Across Latin America, Chinese firms have financed more than 300 infrastructure projects worth over $130 billion, and increasingly dominate sectors like electronics and electric vehicles, said Enrique Dussel Peters, an economist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.墨西哥国立自治大学经济学家恩里克·杜塞尔·彼得斯表示，在整个拉丁美洲，中国企业已资助了300多个基础设施项目，总价值超过1300亿美元，并在电子产品和电动汽车等领域日益占据主导地位。Washington has treated trade with China as an ideological question rather than an economic necessity for Latin America, he said, and may not recognize what a gargantuan task it would be to try to reverse China’s “massive presence across the Americas.”他说，华盛顿将与中国的贸易视为意识形态问题，而不是拉丁美洲的经济必需，并且可能没有意识到，试图扭转中国“在整个美洲庞大的存在感”将是一项多么艰巨的任务。“It is as if people think that by making a decision on a Friday we can just make China disappear by Monday,” Mr. Dussel added.“就好像人们以为，只要在周五做个决定，到周一我们就能让中国消失，”杜塞尔还说。The United States remains a major trading partner for Peru and is the main market for agricultural exports and textiles, sectors that generate far more jobs than some Chinese-dominated industries.美国仍然是秘鲁的主要贸易伙伴，也是其农产品出口和纺织品的主要市场，这些行业创造的就业机会远远多于一些由中国主导的行业。Mr. Castilla said he agreed with longstanding American complaints about smuggling, intellectual property theft and unfair competition from some Chinese firms. But, he added, pressuring countries to choose sides without offering comparable investment alternatives risks alienating allies and pushing countries closer to Beijing.卡斯蒂利亚表示，他同意美国长期以来对部分中国企业走私、盗窃知识产权和不公平竞争的抱怨。但是，他还说，在不提供同等投资替代方案的情况下，向各国施压要求选边站队可能会疏远盟友，并将这些国家推向北京。The United States “is bullying us a bit,” he said.美国“有点在霸凌我们，”他说。 Sara Wayra for The New York TimesYet Latin American leaders — even those closely aligned with Mr. Trump — show no intention of severing lucrative ties to China. They hope their region will benefit from being a battleground for influence between global superpowers.而拉丁美洲的领导人——甚至那些与特朗普关系密切的领导人——也丝毫没有切断与中国有利可图之关系的意图。他们希望自己的地区能从全球超级大国争夺影响力的角逐场中获益。José Tam, a lawyer specializing in Asian investment and former head of the Peruvian-Chinese Chamber of Commerce, said Peru welcomes greater U.S. investment.专门从事亚洲投资业务的律师、前秘鲁中国商会主席谭义勇(José Tam)表示，秘鲁欢迎美国增加投资。“What should not really be our problem is the geopolitical aspect,” he said. “As a developing country, what we need is investment, and it’s all the same to us.”“地缘政治方面真的不应成为我们的问题，”他说。“作为一个发展中国家，我们需要的是投资，对我们来说，投资都是一样的。”Mitra Taj自利马对本文有报道贡献。Genevieve Glatsk是《纽约时报》记者，常驻哥伦比亚波哥大。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。