王霜舟, KEITH BRADSHER2026年9月9日1997年7月1日，香港主权移交中国，董建华成为香港首任行政长官。 Mike Fiala/Hulton Archive, via Getty ImagesTung Chee-hwa, a shipping tycoon who became Hong Kong’s first leader after the transfer of power from British to Chinese control in 1997 and resigned eight years later after the city had been battered by the Asian financial crisis, the SARS epidemic and mass protests, has died at 89.1997年英国将香港主权移交中国后出任香港特别行政区首任行政长官的航运大亨董建华逝世，享年89岁。董建华任内香港接连遭受亚洲金融危机、非典疫情及大规模抗议活动冲击，他在就职八年后辞职。His death on Tuesday was announced by his office, but no other details were immediately available.他的办公室于周二宣布了这一消息，但未公布更多细节。The 1997 handover officially returned Hong Kong to Chinese rule under a “one country, two systems” arrangement that promised Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy and allowed it to keep its capitalist system and many of its freedoms.1997年的主权交接使香港在“一国两制”框架下正式回归中国。这一安排承诺香港享有高度自治，并允许其保留资本主义制度及诸多自由。Much of the implementation of that policy was left to Mr. Tung. He had to carve out a path between two masters — the Chinese government and the people of Hong Kong — but his administration left no doubt that the Communist Party in Beijing was the ultimate authority, fueling public discontent in a city that cherished its civil liberties.政策的大部分落实工作落在了董建华肩上。他不得不在中国政府与香港市民之间寻求平衡，但其施政明确无误地表明，北京才是最高权威，这在珍视公民自由的香港引发了公众不满。As a relative unknown outside the world of shipping, Mr. Tung was seen as a long shot to become Hong Kong’s first Chinese leader after more than 150 years of British colonial rule.董建华的名声很大程度上仅限于在船运界，因此在长达150多年的英国殖民统治结束后，很少有人认为他有望出任香港首位华人领导人。He served on the Chinese government’s top advisory body and in the cabinet of the last British governor, Chris Patten, who considered him a polite but unrelenting advocate of China’s interests.他曾在中国最高政治咨询机构任职，也曾加入最后一任港督彭定康(Chris Patten)的行政局。后者认为他是一个彬彬有礼但坚定维护中国利益的人。In Hong Kong, he was far less popular than the handful of top officials seen as favorites for the chief executive post, but the choice was Beijing’s to make.在香港本地，他的受欢迎程度远不及几位被视为行政长官热门人选的高官，但决定权在北京。1997年主权交接仪式上的中英两国领导人。在交接前夕，董建华曾呼吁社会保持团结，称香港已变得“过于政治化”。Beijing signaled its preference in early 1996, when China’s leader, Jiang Zemin, singled out Mr. Tung among a delegation from Hong Kong and shook his hand, an interaction that was shown prominently in mainland state media. He dominated a tightly controlled selection process later that year and took office when the territory was handed over to Chinese sovereignty on July 1, 1997.1996年初，中国领导人江泽民在会见香港代表团时特意走上前与董建华握手，这一画面在大陆官方媒体上被显著报道，北京由此明确表达了偏好。同年晚些时候，他在受到严格控制的选举程序中胜出，并于1997年7月1日香港主权移交之际正式就职。Almost immediately, Mr. Tung faced tumult. The Asian financial crisis began the day after he took office, when Thailand devalued its currency, and led to precipitous stock sell-offs, attacks on Hong Kong’s currency and the bursting of a speculative bubble in Hong Kong apartment prices.上任伊始，董建华便面临动荡局面。就在他履新的第二天，泰国货币贬值引发亚洲金融危机，随后导致股市暴跌、港元遭到炒家冲击，以及香港楼市投机泡沫的破裂。The Hong Kong government bought billions of dollars’ worth of shares in local companies in August 1998 to support the stock market and punish speculators. The economy began to recover, but housing prices fell for more than six years. By 2003, more than one in five apartments in Hong Kong was worth less than the mortgage on it.1998年8月，香港特区政府入市收购数十亿美元的本地公司股票，以稳住股市并击退炒家。经济随后开始复苏，但楼价接连下跌了六年多。到2003年，香港超过两成的住房已沦为市值低于按揭贷款额的“负资产”。In the spring of 2003, Hong Kong was battered by the SARS virus outbreak; the reported death toll of 299 accounted for nearly 40 percent of the worldwide deaths from the disease. The city also recorded some of the earliest documented human cases of H5N1 avian influenza.2003年春，香港遭受非典疫情重创，通报死亡299人，占全球该病死亡病例的近四成。此前，该市还记录到了全球最早有记载的部分人类感染H5N1禽流感病例。Political unrest broke out that summer. Hundreds of thousands of residents joined protests against a government effort to pass a package of security laws. Among other provisions, the laws would have allowed Hong Kong to ban any organization linked to an organization outlawed by Beijing, a threat that struck fear among the city’s Catholic and Protestant leaders.那年夏天爆发了政治动荡。数十万市民走向街头抗议，反对政府推动国安立法。法案条款包括授权香港特区政府禁止任何与中央政府取缔组织相关的团体，这一规定引发了当地天主教和新教领袖的深切担忧。2003年7月1日，多达50万香港市民走上街头游行，抗议政府推动的一系列国家安全立法。The government ultimately abandoned the bill, but the protests emboldened an active opposition movement. The movement remained a powerful force until a sweeping crackdown began in 2020, when China imposed its own tough security law on Hong Kong.特区政府最终撤回了法案，但那场抗议壮大了反对派阵营的声势。这股反对的力量一直十分活跃，直到2020年面临全面整顿——当时中央政府在香港颁布实施了严厉的香港国安法。Mr. Tung, his popularity badly wounded by the protests, stepped down in 2005, two years before the end of his second five-year term in office. He cited the effects of working long hours on his health.抗议让董建华的公众声望大受打击。2005年，在他第二个五年任期还剩两年时，他以长期超时工作损害健康为由提前请辞。“These have been turbulent times, full of hardship for Hong Kong people,” he said. “I have done my best to serve the people and have always worked hard.”“为疏解市民的痛楚，”他表示，“我鞠躬尽瘁，从未敢一日懈怠。”Tung Chee-hwa was born in Shanghai on July 7, 1937. His father, Tung Chao-yung, was a shipping magnate who turned a single tramp steamer into one of the world’s largest shipping fleets, Orient Overseas International. The family fled to Hong Kong in 1949 as Mao Zedong and the Communist Party took control of China.董建华1937年7月7日出生于上海。他的父亲董浩云是著名的“世界船王”，从一艘货轮白手起家，打造出全球最大航运集团之一东方海外国际。1949年毛泽东和中国共产党取得政权后，董家避居香港。In Hong Kong, Mr. Tung’s family lived in the wealthy Kowloon Tong neighborhood, and he attended an international school in the expectation he would study abroad. To The South China Morning Post in 2017, he recalled his father telling him he did not have the “intellect” to attend the city’s premier school, the University of Hong Kong.在香港，董建华一家住在富人区九龙塘，他被送入国际学校就读，准备日后出国深造。2017年接受《南华早报》采访时，他回忆起父亲曾对他说，他没有考上本地名校香港大学的“天分”。Instead, Mr. Tung went to England and studied engineering at the University of Liverpool. After graduation, he worked in Boston, New York and San Francisco, first for General Electric and then for his father’s shipping firm.于是，董建华赴英留学，在利物浦大学修读工程学。毕业后，他先后在波士顿、纽约和旧金山工作，起初服务于通用电气，随后加入父亲的航运企业。In 1961, he married his teenage sweetheart, Betty Chiu, a nurse and daughter of a Hong Kong developer. They had three children, Alan, Andrew and Audrey Slighton Tung. A complete list of survivors was not immediately available.1961年，他与青少年时期的恋人赵洪娉(Betty Chiu)喜结连理。赵洪娉是一名护士，父亲是香港地产开发商。两人育有三名子女：长子董立均、次子董立新及女儿董立筠。目前尚无完整的遗属名单。1961年，董建华与妻子赵洪娉在婚礼上。他的父亲董浩云站在一旁。Mr. Tung’s father, who died in 1982, left the shipping business to his two sons, Tung Chee-hwa and Tung Chee-chen.董建华的父亲于1982年逝世，将航运家族事业交由两个儿子董建华与董建成接管。During a global recession in the early 1980s, the business ran up more than $2.6 billion in debt. Mainland companies put up a significant portion of a $120 million bailout.在1980年代初的全球经济衰退中，董氏航运业务累积了超过26亿美元的债务。公司接受了一笔1.2亿美元的纾困资金，其中相当一部分来自中国大陆企业。The rescue fueled concerns, when Tung Chee-hwa became Hong Kong’s chief executive, that he would be unduly influenced by Beijing, a charge he rejected. In 2017, Cosco Shipping, a Chinese state-owned conglomerate, purchased Orient Overseas for $6.3 billion, with the Tung family receiving more than $4 billion.这笔资金在董建华出任香港特首时引发外界担忧，认为他可能会过多受到北京方面的影响，但他对此予以否认。2017年，中国央企中远海运以63亿美元收购了东方海外，董氏家族从中获得了超过40亿美元。Mr. Tung, who was stoutly built and had close-cropped hair, was socially conservative and spoke often about the need to maintain social order and respect for authority. He endorsed a suggestion by Mahathir Mohamad, the Malaysian prime minister and another champion of “Asian values,” that the U.N. Declaration on Human Rights be revised to emphasize livelihood issues over civil and political liberties, which both leaders saw as Western values unsuited to Asia.留着短发、身材魁梧的董建华秉持保守的社会观念，常强调维护社会秩序和尊崇权威的必要性。同为“亚洲价值观”倡导者的马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德(Mahathir Mohamad)曾主张修改《世界人权宣言》，优先强调民生保障而非公民与政治自由，董建华对此表示赞同。两位领导人均认为后者是不适合亚洲的西方价值观。Before taking office, Mr. Tung called for unity in Hong Kong. “Our society has become too politicized in recent years,” he said after his selection in 1996.上任之前，董建华曾呼吁香港社会保持团结。“近年来我们的社会过于政治化了，”他在1996年当选后这样表示。But division and discontent grew during his tenure.然而在其任内，社会分歧与不满情绪却不断加剧。Mr. Tung became the focal point of public anger over the government’s unmet promises to expand direct elections. A plan to build more housing fed a glut that depressed prices, angering homeowners. Later governments were so spooked by the mess that they severely restricted home building, driving apartment prices beyond the reach of most residents.因特区政府未能兑现扩大直选的承诺，董建华成为公众表达不满的焦点。他提出的建屋计划导致供过于求并拉低房价，激怒了业主；此后的几届政府因害怕重蹈覆辙而大幅限制住房建设，进而推高房价，使其超出了绝大多数市民的承受能力。董建华的任期接连遭受一系列危机的冲击。2005年，在第二个任期还剩两年时，他宣布辞职。Mr. Patten described Mr. Tung as “not at all a bad man” but one who was “too malleable” to the wishes of Beijing. “He combined a curious mix of indecision and stubbornness,” Mr. Patten wrote in his 2022 book, “The Hong Kong Diaries.” “He was also politically tone deaf,” he added, noting Mr. Tung’s effort to push through the security bill that he was forced to withdraw.彭定康称董建华“绝非坏人”，但“过于顺从”北京的意志。“在他身上有一种优柔寡断与固执己见的奇特结合，”彭定康在其2022年出版的《香港日记》(The Hong Kong Diaries)中写道。他还提及董建华强推国安法案最终被迫撤回一事，补充道：“他在政治上也缺乏敏感度。”Mr. Tung’s supporters described him as the victim of difficult times, troubled by problems largely not of his own making.董建华的支持者则认为他是时代困局的受害者，困扰他的许多难题并非由他一手造成。The Asian financial crisis, avian flu and SARS were not his fault, said Regina Ip, who as secretary for security under Mr. Tung led the failed security law initiative in 2003. She praised his attempt to increase housing construction as well as his establishment of a high-tech hub in the city.曾在董建华任内担任保安局局长、并主导了2003年国安立法的叶刘淑仪表示，亚洲金融危机、禽流感和非典都不是他的责任。她赞扬了董建华增加住房供应的尝试，以及在香港建立高科技枢纽的举措。“He was just unlucky,” she said. “All of his initiatives were the right ones.”“他只是运气不好，”她表示，“他的各项政策方向其实都是对的。”2019年，董建华在北京获中国最高领导人习近平颁授勋章。彭定康曾形容董建华“绝非坏人”，但“过于顺从”北京的意志。David Pierson对本文有报道贡献。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。