KEITH BRADSHER2026年9月23日北京的国家博物馆内关于稀土生产的展览。 Maxim Shemetov/ReutersChina’s restrictions on exports of crucial rare-earth metals and rare-earth magnets remain one of the most difficult unresolved issues as President Trump and Xi Jinping prepare to meet this week.随着特朗普总统和中国国家主席习近平准备于本周举行会晤，中国对关键稀土金属和稀土磁铁的出口限制依然是最棘手的未决问题之一。For months, manufacturers in the United States, Europe, Japan and India have complained about difficulties in obtaining enough rare-earth metals from China, which dominates global production. The materials are essential for making products ranging from cars and wind turbines to semiconductors, computer displays and military equipment.几个月来，美国、欧洲、日本和印度的制造商一直抱怨难以从中国获取足够的稀土金属，而中国主导着全球稀土生产。这些材料对于制造汽车、风力涡轮机、半导体、电脑显示器以及军事装备等各类产品至关重要。China imposed export controls in April 2025 on seven kinds of rare earths and magnets made from them. It later announced a broader set of restrictions, now scheduled to take effect Nov. 10. And in a political dispute, China has slashed shipments of rare earths and magnets to Japan, disrupting supply chains that also serve American manufacturers.2025年4月，中国对七种稀土及由其制成的磁铁实施了出口管制。随后，中国宣布了一项范围更广的限制措施，目前定于11月10日生效。此外，在一场政治争端中，中国大幅削减了对日本的稀土和磁铁出口，扰乱了同样服务于美国制造商的供应链。All three issues — the existing controls, the Nov. 10 restrictions and the curbs on Japan — are expected to loom over the meeting between Mr. Trump and Mr. Xi, China’s top leader. There is little indication so far of how they might be resolved.所有这三个问题——现行的管制、11月10日生效的限制措施以及对日本的出口限制——预计都将笼罩在特朗普与作为中国最高领导人的习近平的会晤之上。迄今为止，几乎没有迹象表明这些问题将如何得到解决。Rare earths have become a critical trade issue between the two countries since Beijing introduced export licensing rules two days after Mr. Trump imposed steep tariffs in April 2025 on China and dozens of other countries. China’s rare-earth shipments slowed to a trickle, and some manufacturers from elsewhere had to cut output of their products.2025年4月，特朗普对中国及数十个其他国家征收高额关税。两天后，北京出台了出口许可规定，自此稀土便成为两国间的关键贸易问题。中国的稀土出口量锐减，其他地区的一些制造商也不得不削减其产品产量。The experience last year demonstrated the leverage China derives from its near monopoly on the production of the important materials.去年的经历彰显了中国凭借其对这些重要材料生产近乎垄断的地位所获得的影响力。The White House says China has not fully followed through on previous discussions about issuing more export licenses. Deliveries have “not been up to par of what we would expect, and that, I’m sure, will be a topic of discussion,” a senior U.S. official said at a briefing on Friday.白宫表示，中国并未完全落实先前关于发放更多出口许可证的讨论。一位美国高级官员在周五的简报会上说，交付情况“未达到我们的预期标准，我确信，这将成为一个讨论话题”。American and European business groups say shipments are frequently delayed or incomplete or never arrive. China’s Ministry of Commerce scrutinizes every export application.美国和欧洲商业团体表示，货物经常延误、数量不足或根本没有运达。中国商务部对每一份出口申请都会进行审查。包头的稀土冶炼厂。“While most of our members report getting the majority of the rare-earth supplies they need, the restrictions around the sector have given many doubts about relying on China as a dependable long-term supply chain partner,” said Michael Hart, the president of the American Chamber of Commerce in China.中国美国商会会长何迈可(Michael Hart)表示：“虽然我们大多数的成员报称获得了他们所需的大部分稀土供应，但围绕该行业的限制让许多人担心，还能不能将中国视为可靠的长期供应链合作伙伴。”Guo Jiakun, a spokesman for China’s foreign ministry, said on Monday that Beijing remained committed to maintaining stable and secure supply chains for critical minerals.中国外交部发言人郭嘉昆周一表示，北京方面仍致力于维护关键矿物供应链的稳定与安全。The restrictions set to begin on Nov. 10 present another challenge. Current and former American officials said the United States and China had discussed postponing the rules but had been unable to agree on how long such an extension should last. They spoke on the condition of anonymity because of diplomatic sensitivities.定于11月10日生效的限制措施构成了另一项挑战。现任和前任美国官员表示，中美两国曾讨论过推迟实施这些规定，但未能就延期多长时间达成一致。由于外交敏感性，他们要求匿名。The United States has proposed a delay of six months to a year as part of a broader freeze on American tariffs and other trade actions, the officials said.官员们表示，美国提议推迟六个月至一年，作为对美国关税及其他贸易行动更广泛冻结计划的一部分。Such a deal would push renewed trade tensions beyond the U.S. midterm elections while leaving the Trump administration time to press Beijing before the 2028 presidential campaign over its trade surplus, import restrictions and industrial subsidies.此类协议将把重燃的贸易紧张局势推迟到美国中期选举之后，同时为特朗普政府在2028年总统大选前留出时间，以就贸易顺差、进口限制及工业补贴等问题向北京施压。But Beijing has its own political calendar. The Communist Party is expected to hold its once-every-five-years national congress next autumn, when it chooses the country’s top leadership. China typically seeks to minimize disputes ahead of the gathering, meaning a six-month or one-year deal could expire at an awkward time.但北京有自己的政治日程。中国共产党预计将于明年秋季举行五年一次的全国代表大会，届时将选出该国的最高领导层。中国通常会在大会召开前尽量减少争端，这意味着一项为期六个月或一年的协议可能会在一个尴尬的节点到期。China has instead sought a halt to further American tariffs and other trade actions for the remainder of Mr. Trump’s presidency, current and former American officials said. Chinese officials have declined to confirm that position and claim that the export controls are intended to prevent rare earths from being used in military equipment.现任及前任美国官员表示，中国转而寻求美国在特朗普剩余总统任期内停止实施进一步的关税和其他贸易行动。中国官员拒绝证实这一立场，并声称出口管制的目的是防止稀土被用于军事装备。Mr. Guo declined on Monday to discuss a possible extension of the Nov. 10 rules.郭嘉昆周一拒绝讨论可能推迟11月10日规定的事宜。Those rules would impose controls on five additional rare-earth elements, including erbium, which is vital for fiber-optic communications in artificial intelligence data centers and transoceanic cables. Even before the rules take effect, China appears to be restricting or delaying erbium exports, industry experts said.这些新规将对包括铒在内的另外五种稀土元素实施出口管制。铒对人工智能数据中心和跨洋电缆的光纤通信至关重要。行业专家表示，甚至在规定生效之前，中国似乎就已经在限制或推迟铒的出口。国家博物馆内展出的磁性材料。“You’ve had bottlenecks building up at several Chinese ports,” said Ellie Saklatvala, metals director at Argus Media, a commodities pricing firm in London.伦敦大宗商品定价机构阿格斯的金属主管埃莉·萨克拉特瓦拉表示：“几个中国港口已经出现积压的情况。”The most difficult dispute may be China’s sharp reduction in shipments of rare-earth magnets to Japan and its near suspension of some particularly important rare earths, including dysprosium, which is widely used in magnets for cars and in the most advanced chips.最棘手的争端或许是中国大幅减少了对日本的稀土磁铁出口，并几乎暂停了一些尤为重要的稀土供应，其中包括镝。镝被广泛应用于汽车磁铁及最先进的芯片中。China began imposing the restrictions in December after Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi of Japan said her country could help defend Taiwan if China invaded. Taiwan is an island democracy that Beijing considers part of its territory.去年12月，在日本首相高市早苗表示如果中国“入侵”，她的国家可协助保卫台湾之后，中国开始实施这些限制措施。台湾是一个实行民主制度的岛屿，北京将其视为自身领土的一部分。China has generally handled the sales of rare earths with each country separately, and it is unclear whether Mr. Xi will discuss the restrictions on Japan with Mr. Trump. Asked Monday about shipments to Japan, Mr. Guo, the Chinese government spokesman, said China prohibited exports of dual-use items intended for Japan’s military, as well as other items that could strengthen its military.中国在稀土销售上通常对各国区分对待，目前尚不清楚习近平是否会与特朗普讨论针对日本的限制措施。当周一被问及对日出口时，中国政府发言人郭嘉昆表示，中国禁止向日本出口用于军事的两用物项，以及其他可能增强其军事实力的物项。China’s dominance of the industry gives it considerable leverage. Its refineries produce about 90 percent of the world’s supply of four rare-earth elements widely used in oil refining, glass polishing and low-end magnets: lanthanum, cerium, neodymium and praseodymium. Beijing has not restricted their export.中国在这一行业的主导地位赋予了其巨大的影响力。中国的精炼厂生产了四种稀土元素约90%的全球供应，这四种元素——镧、铈、钕和镨——广泛应用于石油炼制、玻璃抛光及低端磁铁。北京尚未限制这四种元素的出口。It also produces nearly all of the global supply of a dozen other rare-earth elements needed for a range of products, from semiconductors and lasers to wind turbines and robots. The export of seven of those have required special licenses since April 2025, and the Nov. 10 rules call for export licensing on the other five.中国还生产从半导体、激光器到风力涡轮机和机器人等一系列产品所需的另外十几种稀土元素的几乎全部全球供应。自2025年4月起，其中七种的出口已需获得特殊许可证，而11月10日生效的新规要求对另外五种实施出口许可制度。Beijing says its rare-earth controls are meant to prevent weapons proliferation, rather than to exert economic pressure. But military uses account for only a small share of global rare-earth consumption.北京表示，其稀土管制旨在防止武器扩散，而非施加经济压力。然而，军事用途仅占全球稀土消耗量的一小部分。The Department of Defense estimated in 2024 that American military demand accounted for only 0.1 percent of global rare-earth demand. But that figure is skewed lower because it includes enormous volumes of common rare earths used in civilian applications like oil refining and glass polishing.美国国防部2024年估计，美国军事需求仅占全球稀土需求的0.1%。但这一数字偏低，因为它涵盖了大量用于石油炼制和玻璃抛光等民用领域的普通稀土。Even when the comparison is limited to the scarcer rare earths most important to weapon production, industry estimates put military uses at roughly 2 to 5 percent of overall demand.即使将比较范围限定在对武器生产最为重要的稀缺稀土上，行业估算也表明，军事用途约占总体需求的2%至5%。Ana Swanson自华盛顿对本文有报道贡献。Ruoxin Zhang自北京对本文有研究贡献。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。