KEITH BRADSHER2026年6月23日2020年，MP Materials位于加利福尼亚州的稀土露天矿。 Steve Marcus/ReutersChina took aim on Monday at a U.S. government program to reduce American reliance on Chinese imports for rare earth magnets, a move that risks reigniting trade tensions with President Trump.周一，中国针对美国政府一项旨在减少美国对中国进口稀土磁体依赖的一项计划采取行动，此举有可能重新燃起与特朗普总统之间的贸易紧张局势。New restrictions will prohibit Chinese companies from shipping certain rare earth metals to two companies that are leading the Trump administration’s efforts to revive the American rare earth industry.新限制将禁止中国企业向两家公司运输特定的稀土金属，而这两家公司正引领着特朗普政府振兴美国稀土产业的工作。The metals banned by China’s Ministry of Commerce are critical for a wide range of products from cars to military drones, and China controls nearly the entire global supply of them.中国商务部禁止出口的这些金属对于从汽车到军用无人机等广泛产品至关重要，且中国几乎控制着全球这些金属的供应。After meeting in South Korea with Xi Jinping, China’s top leader, last October, Mr. Trump said China had agreed to resume supplying rare earth metals to the United States as needed. Chinese officials, however, never publicly described the agreement in such terms.去年10月，特朗普在韩国与中国最高领导人习近平会晤后曾表示，中国已同意根据需要恢复向美国供应稀土金属。然而，中国官员从未在公开场合以这种措辞描述该协议。A follow-up summit between the two leaders in Beijing last month produced no further progress on rare earth supplies.上月，两国领导人在北京举行的后续峰会上未能就稀土供应取得进一步进展。At last week’s Group of 7 summit in France, leaders of the major industrialized nations pledged to reduce their dependence on any supplier, calling for no more than 60 percent of rare earth imports to come from one country by 2030. The world relies on China for about 90 percent of their supply of so-called light rare earths, which are used in oil refining, glass polishing and magnet production.在七国集团上周于法国举行的峰会上，主要工业化国家的领导人承诺减少对单一供应商的依赖，呼吁到2030年，来自单一国家的稀土进口份额不超过60%。全球大约90%的所谓轻稀土供应依赖中国，这些轻稀土用于石油炼化、玻璃抛光和磁体生产。上周，七国集团各国领导人齐聚法国埃维昂莱班。China also refines more than 98 percent of the world’s heavy rare earths, which are crucial additives in magnets and are also used in artificial intelligence computer chips, lasers and a wide range of other technologies. Beijing has wielded its dominance over heavy rare earths as a trade weapon for the past 14 months.中国还精炼全球98%以上的重稀土，它们是磁体中至关重要的添加剂，同时也用于人工智能计算机芯片、激光器和广泛的其他技术中。在过去14个月里，北京一直将自身在重稀土领域的绝对优势用作贸易武器。In April 2025, China imposed strict controls on the export of seven rare earth elements, most of them heavy rare earths, as well as magnets made from them. Beijing classified the materials as dual-use goods, meaning they have both military and civilian applications. Outside China, the restrictions disrupted production of cars, robots, military equipment and other products.2025年4月，中国对七种稀土元素（其中大部分为重稀土）以及由其制成的磁体实施了严格的出口管制。北京将这些材料归类为两用物项，这意味着它们既有军事用途也有民用用途。在中国境外，这些限制扰乱了汽车、机器人、军事装备和其他产品的生产。The action by China on Monday barred 10 American companies in all, including some with direct military ties, from purchasing additional dual-use products from China. On the list were the two largest American rare-earth companies: MP Materials and USA Rare Earth.中国在周一采取的行动总共禁止了10家美国企业（其中包括一些与军方有直接联系的企业）从中国购买更多的两用产品。名单中包括美国最大的两家稀土公司：MP Materials和USA Rare Earth。The Trump administration, including the Department of Defense, has poured hundreds of millions of dollars into both companies to try to restore domestic rare-earth magnet manufacturing capacity, which mostly shut down a quarter century ago.包括国防部在内的特朗普政府已向这两家公司投入了数亿美元，试图恢复在美国国内的稀土磁体制造能力，美国的该产业在1/4世纪前已基本停产。MP Materials and USA Rare Earth both declined to comment immediately on China’s announcement. The State Department did not respond to a request for comment.MP Materials和USA Rare Earth均拒绝立即对中国的声明发表评论。美国国务院未回应置评请求。在中国中南部江西省赣州市定南县，一座稀土加工厂。MP Materials owns the main U.S. rare earths mine at Mountain Pass, Calif., along with a large refinery that extracts four light rare earth elements from ore. It is also building rare-earth magnet factories in Texas, initially to supply General Motors, and has an agreement to provide magnets for military contractors.MP Materials拥有位于加利福尼亚州山口的主要美国稀土矿，以及一个从矿石中提取四种轻稀土元素的巨大精炼厂。该公司还在得克萨斯州建造稀土磁体工厂，最初是为了向通用汽车供货，并已达成协议为军工承包商提供磁体。USA Rare Earth has restored dormant magnet-manufacturing equipment in Stillwater, Okla., and has pursued a series of acquisitions to build a domestic supply chain.USA Rare Earth恢复了位于俄克拉荷马州斯蒂尔沃特闲置的磁体制造设备，并进行了一系列的收购，以构建国内供应链。One pending deal, announced in April, would give the company control of Serra Verde, a Brazilian company that has started producing small quantities of dysprosium, a heavy rare earth used to make heat-resistant magnets. Lynas, an Australian company, has also begun producing small amounts, though far below the volumes required by major magnet factories.今年4月宣布的一项待定交易将使该公司获得对Serra Verde的控制权，这是一家已经开始生产少量镝的巴西公司。镝是一种用于制造耐热磁体的重稀土。澳大利亚的莱纳斯公司也已开始少量生产，但远低于大型磁体工厂所需的产量。The new restrictions create another legal barrier atop what has effectively become a near shutdown of Chinese supplies of key rare earths to the United States.这些新限制措施在中国对美国的关键稀土供应实际上已近乎中断的基础上又制造了另一道法律壁垒。Data from China’s General Administration of Customs show that shipments of dysprosium to the United States have been halted since April 2025. Dysprosium is needed in many automotive systems that operate at high temperatures, including power seats, steering systems and brakes.中国海关总署的数据显示，自2025年4月以来，向美国运送镝的通道已被切断。在许多高温下运行的汽车系统中都需要镝，包括电动座椅、转向系统和刹车系统。本月早些时候，USA Rare Earth首席执行官芭芭拉·汉普顿在巴黎近郊的凡尔赛宫与多位部长及企业高管进行了会谈。Magnet manufacturers can substitute terbium, a more expensive heavy rare earth, for dysprosium. But Chinese customs data show that China has shipped no terbium to the United States since last October, when Beijing allowed a single six-metric-ton shipment timed to coincide with the summit in South Korea.磁体制造商可以使用铽（一种更昂贵的重稀土）来替代镝。但中国海关数据表明，自去年10月以来，中国没有向美国运送过任何铽——当时北京曾批准了一次6公吨的单次运输，其时间恰好与在韩国举行的峰会相吻合。“From the magnet producer side, there is little to no access to dysprosium,” said Wade Senti, president of Advanced Magnet Lab, a small manufacturer of rare-earth magnet wire for drones in Melbourne, Fla.“从磁体生产商的角度来看，几乎完全无法获得镝，”先进磁体实验室总裁韦德·森蒂表示。该实验室是佛罗里达州墨尔本的一家小型企业，为无人机生产稀土磁体线。Mr. Senti said his company had secured dysprosium from a recycler in Europe. But Advanced Magnet Lab produces several tons of magnets a year, while companies like MP Materials and USA Rare Earth are preparing to produce as much as 10,000 tons a year.森蒂先生表示，他的公司已经从欧洲的一家回收商那里确保了镝的供应。但先进磁体实验室每年仅生产数吨磁体，而像MP Materials和USA Rare Earth这样的公司准备将年产量提高到多达1万吨。Manufacturers can sharply reduce, though not eliminate, their need for dysprosium or terbium through a technique called grain boundary diffusion. MP Materials and USA Rare Earth are locked in a legal dispute over intellectual property rights related to that technology.通过一种被称为“晶界扩散”的技术，制造商可以大幅减少、但不能完全消除对镝或铽的需求。MP Materials和USA Rare Earth正就与该技术相关的知识产权陷入法律纠纷。China is also preparing to introduce even tighter global export restrictions on rare earths in November.中国还准备在11月份推出对稀土更严格的全球出口限制。Ruoxin Zhang对本文有研究贡献。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。