ANA SWANSON2026年6月24日 Gilles Sabrié for The New York TimesAt a factory in southeastern China, robot arms spin balletically, winding long strips of metal into rolls and shaping them into bricks that are destined to become batteries.在中国东南部的一家工厂里，机械臂如芭蕾舞者般旋转，将长条金属卷成卷，再塑造成块状，它们最终将制成电池。As workers in white coveralls watch, the nascent batteries are packaged into aluminum cases and, as workers put it, “given life” — endowed with an electrical charge that will eventually power cars and data centers across the world.在身穿白色工作服的工人注视下，这些初具雏形的电池被装入铝制外壳中，用工人们的话说，它们被“赋予了生命”——被注入了电荷，最终将为世界各地的汽车和数据中心提供动力。The site, owned by Contemporary Amperex Technology Company Ltd., or CATL, is the world’s largest cluster of battery factories, and the most advanced. Inside its walls, the dynamic between the United States and China is changing.这个厂区属于宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司（简称宁德时代或CATL），是全球最大、最先进的电池工厂群。在这里的高墙之内，中美之间的动态关系正在发生变化。For decades, American companies maintained a huge technological lead over their Chinese competitors. U.S. firms came to China to manufacture their goods more cheaply. As a price of entry, the Chinese government forced foreign companies into partnerships where Chinese firms could learn from them and absorb their more advanced technology.几十年来，美国公司对中国竞争对手保持着巨大的技术领先优势。美国企业来到中国，是为了以更低的成本制造商品。作为进入中国市场的代价，中国政府强制要求外资企业与中国企业建立合资关系，以便中国企业从中学习并吸收外资企业更先进的技术。In at least a few sectors, that equation has flipped, with China racing ahead of the United States. From batteries and solar panels to rare earths and life sciences, China is developing some of the world’s most advanced technologies, and it is rapidly deploying plans to corner other markets.至少在少数几个领域，这种局面已经发生了逆转，中国跑在了美国的前面。从电池、太阳能电池板到稀土和生命科学，中国正在开发一些世界上最先进的技术，并且正在迅速部署主导其他市场的计划。CATL is indicative of that shift. It has unveiled a battery that, according to the company, can power an electric vehicle for 250 miles with less than 10 minutes of charging — about three times the charging speed of batteries typically found in other electric vehicles. CATL’s battery technology is powering millions of cheap electric vehicles that China is exporting around the world.宁德时代正是这一转变的标志。该公司推出了一款电池，据称充电不到10分钟即可驱动电动汽车行驶400公里——大约是其他电动汽车通常所用电池充电速度的三倍。宁德时代的电池技术正在为中国向世界各地出口的数百万廉价电动汽车提供动力。The company sees further potential in America’s enormous car market.该公司在美国巨大的汽车市场中看到了进一步的潜力。“Of course if there’s an opportunity in the U.S., we wish to pursue it,” said Fred Zhang, a company spokesman.“当然，如果在美国有机会，我们希望能去争取，”公司发言人弗雷德·张（音）说。These advances are raising major questions for U.S. officials, who see danger in relying too much on Chinese technology. Lawmakers and some administration officials argue that China has used predatory practices to build a dominant position in batteries and other fields. They say that has hollowed out the industrial base of other countries, including the United States, and extended the Chinese government’s power globally.这些进展让美国官员产生了重大疑虑，他们认为过度依赖中国技术存在危险。立法者和一些政府官员认为，中国利用掠夺性做法在电池及其他领域建立了主导地位。他们表示，这掏空了包括美国在内的其他国家的工业基础，并使中国政府的影响力扩展至全球。Over the past year, Beijing weaponized its control over global supply chains, cutting off mineral exports and threatening to shut down U.S. factories to force the Trump administration to back down on tariffs. China has described its control of other industries, like pharmaceuticals, as a potential future lever over foreign governments.过去一年里，北京将其对全球供应链的控制用作武器，切断了矿产出口，并威胁关闭美国工厂，以此迫使特朗普政府在关税问题上让步。中国曾表示，它对制药等其他行业的控制，未来可能成为对外国政府施加影响的杠杆。宁德时代总部的一处汽车充电站。宁德时代看到了美国庞大汽车市场的潜力。Representative John Moolenaar, a Michigan Republican who is chairman of the House Select Committee on China, said China had subsidized CATL “to undercut non-China competitors and build worldwide dependence.” Entrusting a critical industry to the company would be “a grave error,” he added.众议院中国问题特别委员会主席、密歇根州共和党众议员约翰·穆勒纳尔表示，中国对宁德时代进行了补贴，以此“削弱非中国竞争对手，建立全球依赖”。他还说，将一个关键行业托付给该公司将是“一个严重的错误”。But others say not working with Chinese firms like CATL will lead U.S. companies to fall behind, eroding America’s position in important industries. Walling off the world’s most dynamic economies could also slow progress toward scientific and technological advances, and impede efforts to combat climate change.但也有人表示，不与宁德时代等中国企业合作将导致美国公司落后，从而削弱美国在重要行业中的地位。将世界上最具活力的经济体拒之门外，也可能减缓科技进步的步伐，并阻碍应对气候变化的努力。“For decades now, we’ve been used to a world where the technology and innovation comes out of the West,” said Kyle Chan, a fellow at the Brookings Institution, a Washington think tank. “The tables are turning.”“几十年来，我们已经习惯了一个技术和创新来自西方的世界，”华盛顿智库布鲁金斯学会的研究员凯尔·陈说。“但局面正在发生扭转。”The United States appears to be at an inflection point, where it must choose if it wants to use China’s cheap and advanced battery technology — or spend much more to develop an independent supply chain for an industry that could come to underpin much of U.S. energy infrastructure.美国似乎正处于一个必须做出选择的转折点：是使用中国廉价且先进的电池技术，还是投入更多资金，为这个可能成为美国大部分能源基础设施基石的行业建立一条独立的供应链。American officials have been firmly opposed to Chinese car imports, seeing them as a fast ticket to destroying the U.S. auto industry. But they are more divided over the batteries that go into cars, power plants and data centers because most major battery makers are foreign companies.美国官员一直坚决反对中国汽车进口，认为这会迅速摧毁美国汽车工业。但在汽车、发电厂和数据中心所用的电池问题上，他们的分歧更大，因为大多数主要的电池制造商都是外国公司。General Motors has invested with South Korean battery makers to build a non-Chinese supply chain, but other U.S. automakers already consider CATL a vital partner. CATL sells batteries to Tesla, and it has licensed its technology to Ford Motor to use in plants in Michigan and Kentucky.通用汽车已与韩国电池制造商共同投资，以建立一条非中国供应链，但其他美国汽车制造商已将宁德时代视为至关重要的合作伙伴。宁德时代向特斯拉出售电池，并将其技术授权给福特汽车，用于福特在密歇根州和肯塔基州的工厂。柏林附近的一家特斯拉工厂。宁德时代向特斯拉供应电池。Ford collaborated with the South Korean battery maker SK On in its Kentucky factory, but dissolved the partnership in December. Republicans have scrapped Biden administration incentives for electric vehicles, cooling the E.V. market in the United States. This year, Ford said it would pivot the Kentucky plant to make batteries for energy producers and data centers, an area where Congress still provides subsidies.福特曾在其肯塔基州工厂与韩国电池制造商SK On合作，但在去年12月解除了合作关系。共和党人废除了拜登政府针对电动汽车的激励措施，使美国电动汽车市场降温。今年，福特表示将把肯塔基州工厂转型，为能源生产商和数据中心制造电池，这是国会目前仍提供补贴的领域。CATL’s presence in the United States has been controversial. In 2023, the Virginia governor at the time, Glenn Youngkin, blocked a Ford-CATL factory, calling it a “Trojan horse” for the Chinese Communist Party.宁德时代在美国的存在一直备受争议。2023年，时任弗吉尼亚州州长格伦·杨金阻止了福特与宁德时代合作建设一家工厂的计划，称其为中国共产党的“特洛伊木马”。In 2025, the U.S. government added CATL to a list of Chinese military companies, saying it was “indirectly affiliated” with top bodies of the Chinese government. CATL said that the designation, which barred the company from U.S. defense contracts, was “a mistake” and that it had never engaged in any military business.2025年，美国政府将宁德时代列入中国军工企业名单，称其与中国政府最高机构存在“间接联系”。宁德时代表示，这项剥夺了该公司获得美国国防合同资格的指定是“一个错误”，并坚称其从未参与过任何军事业务。Testing the Waters试水Chinese investment already faces significant hurdles in the United States, including federal security reviews and state restrictions on Chinese purchases of real estate and farmland. In Michigan, the Chinese company Gotion was blocked from building an E.V. battery factory after protests.中国的投资在美国已经面临重大障碍，包括联邦安全审查以及各州对中国人购买房地产和农田的限制。在密歇根州，中国企业国轩高科在遭到抗议后被阻止建立电动汽车电池工厂。The United States also has high tariffs on Chinese car and battery imports, and a ban on the use of Chinese software starting with 2027 vehicles.美国还对进口的中国汽车和电池征收高额关税，并禁止2027年及以后生产的车辆使用中国软件。But American and Chinese companies are eyeing whether President Trump’s seeming openness to doing business with China and his plans to meet China’s leader, Xi Jinping, again this year might open the way for more partnerships.但特朗普总统似乎对与中国做生意持开放态度，他还计划今年再次会见中国领导人习近平。中美两国的企业都在观望，这一切是否会为两国更多合作铺平道路。Mr. Trump has welcomed investment from Japan and Europe, and Chinese officials have pitched their U.S. counterparts on investing in the United States. During Mr. Trump’s visit to China last month, the countries said they would create a “board of investment.”特朗普欢迎来自日本和欧洲的投资，中国官员也向美国同行推介了在美国的投资意向。在特朗普上个月访问中国期间，两国表示将设立一个“投资委员会”。上个月特朗普总统访华期间，中美表示将成立一个“投资委员会”。In an interview on CNBC on May 14, Scott Bessent, the Treasury secretary, said the board would “decide upfront what are the nonstrategic, nonsensitive areas where it would be possible for the Chinese to invest.”在5月14日接受CNBC采访时，财政部长斯科特·贝森特表示，该委员会将“预先确定哪些是非战略性、非敏感领域，允许中国进行投资”。But the Trump administration has been attuned to criticisms that Chinese investments could compromise national security. In May, Jamieson Greer, the U.S. trade representative, said the board would be focused more on resolving specific complaints by U.S. companies than on creating a “program of mutual investment.”但特朗普政府也在关注有关中国投资可能危及国家安全的批评。今年5月，美国贸易代表杰米森·格里尔表示，该委员会将更多地侧重于解决美国公司的具体投诉，而不是制定一项“双向投资计划”。Reva Goujon, a director at Rhodium Group, a research firm, said U.S. firms like Ford and Stellantis were interested in partnerships that could help them absorb more advanced Chinese technology and maintain their electric vehicle lineups without incurring high costs. Stellantis has a joint venture with CATL in Europe and is constructing a battery factory in Spain.研究机构荣鼎咨询的主任雷瓦·古琼表示，福特和斯特兰蒂斯这样的美国公司对能帮助他们吸收更先进的中国技术、在不产生高昂成本的情况下维持其电动汽车产品线的合作关系感兴趣。斯特兰蒂斯在欧洲与宁德时代成立了合资企业，目前正在西班牙建设一家电池工厂。“They’re trying to position themselves for if there is a thaw between the U.S. and China on investment,” she said. “They’re testing the political waters.”“它们正在为美中投资关系可能出现的缓和做准备，”她说。“他们正在试探政治风向。”The Chinese government has encouraged some companies to expand internationally, but with strategic sectors like batteries, there are still big questions about how much technology China will allow them to share with foreign partners. In addition to flexing its control over mineral exports, Beijing recently added restrictions to exporting battery manufacturing technologies, and established a more rigorous system to review outbound technology investments, Ms. Goujon said.中国政府一直鼓励部分企业向国际扩张，但在电池等战略领域，关于中国允许这些企业与外国合作伙伴分享多少技术，仍然存在很大的疑问。古琼表示，除了加强对矿产出口的控制外，北京最近还增加了对出口电池制造技术的限制，并建立了一个更严格的系统，来审查技术领域的对外投资。The country’s imperative “is to hold on to the crown jewels for any technology,” she said. “When it comes to more obvious forms of tech transfer, I think Beijing is going to be very, very strict about that.”她表示，中国的当务之急是“保住所有技术皇冠上的明珠。当涉及更明显的技术转让形式时，我认为北京将会非常非常严格”。Beijing scuttled Meta’s acquisition of Manus, a Singaporean-based artificial intelligence company founded in China, and blocked Elon Musk from buying equipment that would help Tesla make solar products in the United States.北京阻挠了Meta对Manus（一家在中国创立、总部位于新加坡的人工智能公司）的收购，并阻止了埃隆·马斯克购买有助于特斯拉在美国制造太阳能产品的设备。Rush Doshi, an assistant professor at Georgetown University who previously served as the China director for the Biden National Security Council, said Chinese investments could help the United States if CATL used American suppliers, workers and software. If the company just shipped all the high-value parts in from China, however, it would hurt U.S. industry, he said.乔治敦大学助理教授、曾担任拜登国家安全委员会中国事务主任的杜如松(Rush Doshi)表示，如果宁德时代使用美国的供应商、工人和软件，中国的投资可能会对美国有所帮助。但他也指出，如果该公司只是从中国运入所有高价值零部件，就会损害美国工业。“If we import Chinese batteries without making our own, we will lose a critical industry of the future,” Mr. Doshi said, adding, “The ‘how’ is critical.”“如果我们只进口中国电池而不自己制造，我们将失去一个关乎未来的关键行业，”杜如松说，他还说，“‘怎么做’是至关重要的。”‘Trojan Horse’ or Key Partner?“特洛伊木马”还是关键伙伴？At the CATL’s factory complex in Ningde, fresh air from the East China Sea flowed into a huge white marble lobby and a showroom with the slogan “Together for the energy freedom!” The building is shaped like a lithium battery, the product that tens of thousands of workers are making in nearby factories.在宁德的宁德时代工厂园区里，来自东海的清新空气吹进巨大的白色大理石大堂和展厅，展厅里有“开启您的能量自由时代”的口号。这座建筑的外形像一块锂电池，这正是数万名工人在附近工厂生产的产品。But Chinese policies have also been central to the company’s success, specifically financial incentives for Chinese consumers to buy E.V.s. The government poured hundreds of billions of dollars into the sector. Directives from the highest levels of the Communist Party encouraged battery research, while regulations discouraged the use of non-Chinese batteries and pushed American firms out of the country.但中国的政策也是该公司成功的关键因素，特别是针对中国消费者购买电动汽车的财政激励措施。政府向该行业倾注了数万亿元。来自共产党最高层的指示鼓励电池研究，相关法规限制非中国产电池的使用，并将美国企业挤出了中国市场。U.S. officials have criticized China’s industrial subsidies, saying they create an unfair playing field and distort global markets. Those practices show no sign of slowing.美国官员批评中国的工业补贴，称这些补贴造成了不公平的竞争环境，扭曲了全球市场。这些做法没有显示出放缓的迹象。宁德时代将其成功部分归功于研发投入，称其研发投入总额超过了其他电池企业总和。中共最高层的指示鼓励电池研发，相关法规则限制使用非中国产电池，迫使美国企业退出中国市场。A study released in June by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development found that industrial firms in China had received three to eight times as much government support over the past two decades as companies in the 38 mostly wealthy nations that belong to the O.E.C.D. In a report last month, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and Rhodium Group argued that Chinese industrial policy was becoming more pervasive and systemic, calling the strategy an “industrial policy of everything.”经济合作与发展组织6月发布的一项研究发现，过去20年中，中国工业企业获得的政府支持是经合组织38个成员国（主要为富裕国家）企业所获政府支持的三到八倍。在上个月的一份报告中，美国商会和荣鼎咨询指出，中国的产业政策正变得越来越普遍和系统化，并将这种战略称为“无所不包的产业政策”。Others argue that China’s advances are fueled by investments in research, education and talent, policies that the United States should do more to emulate.也有人认为，中国的进步得益于研究、教育和人才方面的投资，美国应更多地借鉴这些政策。Li You对本文有研究贡献，Jack Ewing自纽约对本文有报道贡献。Ana Swanson报道贸易和国际经济新闻，常驻华盛顿。她从事新闻工作已超过十年。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。