IVAN NECHEPURENKO2026年10月9日6月，莫斯科一处加油站的排队情况。 Pavel Bednyakov/Associated PressSergei Tselikov, Russia’s leading auto industry expert, has owned more than 20 vehicles, including a Volvo, a Volkswagen and a Range Rover. All had gasoline engines.谢尔盖·采利科夫是俄罗斯首屈一指的汽车行业专家，拥有超过20辆车，包括沃尔沃、大众和路虎揽胜，全部为汽油发动机。But in July, as Ukrainian drone strikes against oil refineries left drivers across the country waiting for hours at gas stations, he bought a fully electric Chinese hatchback. He had to act quickly — the price of the car, made by Great Wall Motor, went up by about $2,000 within days as demand surged.但在7月，乌克兰无人机袭击炼油厂，导致全国司机在加油站排队数小时，于是他买了一辆中国产纯电掀背车。出手一定要快——由于需求激增，这款长城汽车制造的车几天内售价涨了约2000美元（约合人民币13400元）。“I tried to fill up one of my cars and drove around to five nearby gas stations, but they had only diesel or lower-grade petrol,” he said, referring to the poorer-quality fuels the government has allowed to be sold to address the shortages. “I was just too lazy to stand in line.”“我试着给其中一辆车加油，跑了附近五个加油站，但只有柴油或低标号汽油，”他说，其中的“低标号汽油”是政府为应对短缺而允许销售的劣质燃料。“我只是懒得排队。”As Ukraine increasingly takes the war to Russia, the effects may be most visible on the roads. Since the end of June, Russia’s electric-vehicle market has more than doubled. Most of the E.V.s sold in the country are Chinese, a testament to Moscow’s economic pivot in response to Western wartime sanctions.随着乌克兰将战火越来越多地引向俄罗斯，其影响在道路上可能最为明显。自6月底以来，俄罗斯电动汽车市场已增长了一倍多。该国销售的电动汽车大多为中国车，也彰显了莫斯科为应对西方战时制裁而进行的经济转向。莫斯科一家经销商的一辆中国产插电式混合动力汽车。Russia is playing catch-up. For years, while other nations built out E.V. supply chains and charging infrastructure, Russia looked the other way. Its position as one of the world’s top oil producers used to keep gasoline cheap. Vast distances between major cities meant charging networks were economically unviable without guaranteed demand. And harsh winters required automakers to heavily adapt models to the climate.俄罗斯正在追赶。多年来，当其他国家建设电动汽车供应链和充电基础设施时，俄罗斯视而不见。作为世界最大石油生产国之一，俄罗斯曾长期保持汽油低价。主要城市之间距离遥远，意味着在没有稳定需求的情况下，充电网络在经济上难以维系。而严酷的冬季也要求汽车制造商大幅调整车型以适应气候。Now, E.V.s are suddenly a more common sight on Russian roads, particularly in major cities. The number of electric vehicles, including hybrids, sold in the country went from 43,000 in the January-to-August period of 2025 to more than 83,000 over the same period this year, according to the Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade.如今，电动汽车在俄罗斯道路上突然变得更加常见，尤其是在大城市。据俄罗斯工业和贸易部数据，该国电动汽车（含混合动力车）销量从2025年1月至8月的43000辆增至今年同期的83000多辆。By the end of September, the share of pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids that can run without gas had reached 11.5 percent of the Russian car market, up from about 5 percent at the beginning of the year, according to Avtostat, an auto research agency led by Mr. Tselikov. The E.V. market share in Russia is now slightly higher than in the United States, but it is only a small fraction of the share in China, which is 45 percent.据采利科夫领导的汽车研究机构Avtostat的数据，截至9月底，纯电车和可不用汽油行驶的插电式混合动力车在俄罗斯汽车市场中的份额已达11.5%，而年初约为5%。俄罗斯电动汽车市场份额目前略高于美国，但离中国的45%还很遥远。While the E.V. surge in Russia stems from a specific factor — Ukrainian attacks — the shift there is the latest example of how war and supply shocks can quickly transform car-buying decisions.俄罗斯电动汽车激增源于一个特定因素——乌克兰的袭击——但那里的转变是战争和供应冲击如何迅速改变购车决策的最新例证。E.V. sales have boomed in other parts of the world because of the U.S.-Israeli war in Iran, which has caused oil and gasoline prices to soar. Globally, E.V.s are on track to account for a record 29 percent of all new car purchases this year, according to the International Energy Agency.由于美国和以色列在伊朗的战争导致石油和汽油价格飙升，世界其他地区的电动汽车销量激增。据国际能源署数据，全球范围内，电动汽车今年在所有新车购买量中的占比有望达到创纪录的29%。E.V. sales have risen in more than 90 countries this year, including Brazil, Australia, India and South Korea. The I.E.A. said the energy crisis had “clearly reinforced the case for E.V.s.”今年，包括巴西、澳大利亚、印度和韩国在内的90多个国家的电动汽车销量有所上升。国际能源署表示，能源危机“显然巩固了电动汽车的地位”。中国汽车经销商在俄罗斯迅速增多。In Russia, the fuel shortages are unnerving many Russians who had grown accustomed to the war in Ukraine being only a distant nuisance. They threaten to become a serious political issue for the government.在俄罗斯，燃料短缺正让许多人感到不安，他们已习惯于乌克兰战争只是遥远的麻烦。这可能成为政府面临的严重政治问题。On Friday, only 46 percent of gas stations across Russia were selling fuel, according to Gdebenz, a crowdsourced tool that tracks the fuel market. In Moscow, gasoline was available at 53 percent of stations, leading to some lines. In Nizhny Novgorod, a major city east of Moscow, the figure was only 27 percent.据追踪燃料市场的众包工具Gdebenz的数据，周五，俄罗斯全国仅46%的加油站销售燃料。在莫斯科，53%的加油站有汽油，导致一些地方出现排队的情况。在莫斯科以东的主要城市下诺夫哥罗德，有油加油站的比例仅为27%。The situation in Moscow was worse in early July and mid-August, when only a quarter of stations had fuel after strikes on refineries that supply the city.莫斯科的情况在7月初和8月中旬更糟，在供应城市的炼油厂遭袭后，仅有四分之一的加油站有燃料。At the time, gasoline lines clogged traffic across the capital. Drivers waited hours for gas at stations on the highways connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, Kazan and the country’s south. President Vladimir V. Putin had opened these roads with great pride over the past decade.当时，加油排队的车辆堵塞了首都交通。司机们在连接莫斯科与圣彼得堡、喀山和该国南部的高速公路上的加油站等待数小时。这些过去十年开通的道路是弗拉基米尔·V·普京总统引以为傲的工程。To try to quell the crisis, the government permitted the sale of lower-grade gasoline and diesel. But some cars began to break down after using the lower-quality fuel.为平息危机，政府允许销售低标号汽油和柴油。但一些汽车在使用劣质燃料后开始出现故障。As the fuel crisis has continued, E.V. dealerships have been cleared out, and online listings for used electric cars have dwindled.随着燃料危机持续，电动汽车经销商的库存已被清空，网上在售的二手电动汽车也越来越少。At a sprawling dealership complex northwest of Moscow, a manager at Evolute, a brand of Russian-assembled electric vehicles based on Chinese designs, said there was no inventory left on the lot and no way to join a waiting list.在莫斯科西北部一个庞大的经销商综合体，Evolute——一个基于中国设计的俄罗斯组装电动汽车品牌——的一位经理表示，停车场已无库存，而且也无法预订。The complex houses more than 40 dealerships, most of which used to sell primarily brands from the West, Japan and South Korea. It now has more than 25 Chinese showrooms.该综合体拥有40多家经销商，其中大多数过去主要销售西方、日本和韩国品牌。现在它有超过25个中国展销厅。Many Russian car factories used to produce Western brands but were abandoned after the invasion of Ukraine under pressure from Western governments. Most now assemble Chinese cars.许多俄罗斯汽车工厂过去生产西方品牌，但在入侵乌克兰后因西方政府压力而被废弃。其中大多数现在组装中国汽车。On Moscow’s streets and in its parking lots, lines have appeared at charging stations, albeit shorter ones.在莫斯科的街道和停车场，充电站也出现了排队，尽管较短。Aleksandr, 40, was charging a red Moskvich, an iconic Soviet brand revived using a rebadged Chinese design, one recent day. He said he had to drive around central Moscow to find a working charger with no line.最近一天，40岁的亚历山大正在给一辆红色的“莫斯科人”充电，这是一个标志性的苏联品牌，通过重新贴牌的中国设计复活。他说他不得不开车绕莫斯科市中心寻找一个没有排队的可用充电桩。“Overall, the infrastructure is lacking,” Aleksandr said. The Moskvich belonged to his employer, he said, adding that he would never buy an E.V. for himself because of the expense and the lack of charging stations.“总的来说，基础设施缺乏，”亚历山大说。他说这辆“莫斯科人”属于他的雇主，并补充说他自己永远不会买电动汽车，因为费用高且充电站缺乏。The shift toward making Russia more E.V.-friendly began in 2022, when the government started subsidizing fast-charging stations and grid connections. In 2023, updated codes required E.V. infrastructure for new buildings. The number of public charging stations grew to more than 8,000 this year from fewer than 1,500 in 2022.俄罗斯转向电动汽车的趋势始于2022年，当时政府开始补贴快速充电站和电网连接。2023年，更新后的规范要求新建筑配备电动汽车基础设施。公共充电站数量从2022年的不到1500个增至今年的8000多个。Fully electric vehicles have been exempted from the transport tax paid by owners of other vehicles in many Russian regions. In Moscow and other big cities, E.V. drivers do not have to pay parking fees, which can run as high as $9.50 an hour. Russian-made E.V.s are eligible for government subsidies and can use most toll highways free of charge nationwide.在俄罗斯许多地区，纯电车已免除其他车辆车主需缴纳的运输税。在莫斯科和其他大城市，电动汽车司机无需支付每小时可能高达9.50美元的停车费。俄罗斯制造的电动汽车有资格获得政府补贴，并可在全国范围内免费使用大多数收费高速公路。由于汽油变得稀缺，一些俄罗斯人现在改用踏板车和电动自行车。 Tselikov said that while the share of fully electric cars had doubled, they remained somewhat unusual in Russia, primarily because of their cost. Hybrid cars, he predicted, will continue to gain market share.采利科夫说，虽然纯电车份额翻了一番，但它们在俄罗斯仍然有些不同寻常，主要是因为成本。他预测，混合动力汽车将继续获得市场份额。E.V.s may also face an image barrier in Russia. For some, they just are not manly enough.电动汽车在俄罗斯可能还面临形象障碍。对一些人来说，它们就是不够有男子气概。Waiting in a long line for gas outside Moscow, Igor, 51, reflected that sentiment. “I would never buy an E.V.,” he said. “They’re bad for men’s health and way too expensive.”在莫斯科郊外排队等待加油时，51岁的伊戈尔反映了这种情绪。“我永远不会买电车，”他说。“它们对男性健康有害，而且太贵了。”Chico Harlan对本文有报道贡献。Ivan Nechepurenko报道俄罗斯、乌克兰、比利时、高加索国家和中亚国家新闻。他常驻莫斯科。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。