The United States has shown greater support for virtual power plants (VPPs) in recent years, as these systems are expanding across various states. A VPP is a collection of small-scale electricity generation resources that, together, can deliver electricity to the grid. When coordinated, a group of hundreds or thousands of households and businesses can use the latent potential of their thermostats, electric vehicles (EVs), appliances, batteries, and solar installations to charge or discharge, supporting grid flexibility. When put together,…