Aftermath: uppercase per direct link (Khorat Plateau)← Previous revisionRevision as of 10:36, 10 October 2026 Line 131: Line 131: The war was a military defeat for Vietnam, confirmed by Lao, Lan Na and Chinese sources.{{sfnp|Wyatt|1998|pp=103–105}}{{sfnp|Stuart-Fox|2008|p=387}}{{sfnp|Wade|2005|}} The destruction of Xieng Khouang and the stabilization of the western frontier of Đại Việt, however, was a strategic success and was viewed as such by the Vietnamese. Using the traditional lens of Southeast Asian warfare, which was to primarily to depopulate and loot the enemy through war fit this pattern. However, from the outset Lê Thánh Tông was following a Ming model of warfare that sought to “civilize” as had been the case during the Cham campaign. The victory over the Cham was the first time the Vietnamese moved to conquer, destroy and absorb another realm, creating a 13th province.{{sfnp|Whitmore|2004|p=130}} That did not happen with the Phuan people of Xieng Khouang, Tra Ninh province rebelled. With the city destroyed, the strategic necessity had changed and the Viet settled for a tribute-trade relationship along the Ming example, which saw the local population retain autonomy. Politically, Muang Phuan would retain its principal tributary relationship with Lan Xang for most of the 16th and 17th centuries.{{sfnp|Stuart-Fox|2008|p=387}} The war was a military defeat for Vietnam, confirmed by Lao, Lan Na and Chinese sources.{{sfnp|Wyatt|1998|pp=103–105}}{{sfnp|Stuart-Fox|2008|p=387}}{{sfnp|Wade|2005|}} The destruction of Xieng Khouang and the stabilization of the western frontier of Đại Việt, however, was a strategic success and was viewed as such by the Vietnamese. Using the traditional lens of Southeast Asian warfare, which was to primarily to depopulate and loot the enemy through war fit this pattern. However, from the outset Lê Thánh Tông was following a Ming model of warfare that sought to “civilize” as had been the case during the Cham campaign. The victory over the Cham was the first time the Vietnamese moved to conquer, destroy and absorb another realm, creating a 13th province.{{sfnp|Whitmore|2004|p=130}} That did not happen with the Phuan people of Xieng Khouang, Tra Ninh province rebelled. With the city destroyed, the strategic necessity had changed and the Viet settled for a tribute-trade relationship along the Ming example, which saw the local population retain autonomy. Politically, Muang Phuan would retain its principal tributary relationship with Lan Xang for most of the 16th and 17th centuries.{{sfnp|Stuart-Fox|2008|p=387}} Afterward, Lan Xang grew to become a regional power, having put the succession disputes and external attacks of the early 15th century behind them.{{sfnp|Lieberman|2003|p=243}} Damage to Lan Xang from the Đại Việt war was limited even though the Viet took and looted the capital.{{sfnp|Li|2010|p=89}} The Vietnamese and Ming chronicles both record that pressure on Sipsong Panna and Hsenwi was with the intent of launching further attacks on Lan Xang and Lan Na. The Ming chronicles, however, note that in 1482 both Lan Na and Lan Xang reported that the Viet had been expelled from their respective territories. Several major cities, including Vientiane, were never recorded as being taken. Lan Xang became more cohesive as a result of successfully repelling the Vietnamese incursion, a rebuilding campaign ensued, and a close cultural affinity began with Lan Na. Within Lan Xang, the demographic center was shifting steadily south from the narrow valleys of northern Laos into more level and fertile regions of the central Mekong and the [[Khorat plateau]], contributing to the shift in Lan Xang's royal residence from Luang Prabang to Vientiane in the mid-1500s.{{sfnp|Lieberman|2003|p=253}} The period also saw an economic expansion as foreign demand for Lao goods (gold, [[Benzoin (resin)|benzoin]], [[sticklac]], [[musk]], ivory) increased rapidly.{{sfnp|Lieberman|2003|pp=255–256}} Afterward, Lan Xang grew to become a regional power, having put the succession disputes and external attacks of the early 15th century behind them.{{sfnp|Lieberman|2003|p=243}} Damage to Lan Xang from the Đại Việt war was limited even though the Viet took and looted the capital.{{sfnp|Li|2010|p=89}} The Vietnamese and Ming chronicles both record that pressure on Sipsong Panna and Hsenwi was with the intent of launching further attacks on Lan Xang and Lan Na. The Ming chronicles, however, note that in 1482 both Lan Na and Lan Xang reported that the Viet had been expelled from their respective territories. Several major cities, including Vientiane, were never recorded as being taken. Lan Xang became more cohesive as a result of successfully repelling the Vietnamese incursion, a rebuilding campaign ensued, and a close cultural affinity began with Lan Na. Within Lan Xang, the demographic center was shifting steadily south from the narrow valleys of northern Laos into more level and fertile regions of the central Mekong and the [[Khorat Plateau]], contributing to the shift in Lan Xang's royal residence from Luang Prabang to Vientiane in the mid-1500s.{{sfnp|Lieberman|2003|p=253}} The period also saw an economic expansion as foreign demand for Lao goods (gold, [[Benzoin (resin)|benzoin]], [[sticklac]], [[musk]], ivory) increased rapidly.{{sfnp|Lieberman|2003|pp=255–256}} Lan Na would be the major beneficiary of the war between Lan Xang and the Đại Việt. The crucial support King Tilok gave to the Lao in their struggle against the Đại Việt invaders enhanced the prestige of Lan Na as a reliable vassal state in the eyes of the Ming court. Economic and trade relations between Lan Na and China, including the transfer of military technology, were important factors in Lan Na's success.{{sfnp|Grabowsky|2010|p=228}} In fact, a little over ten years later, the thirty-year reign of King Muang Kaeo (1495–1525) is regarded as the “golden age” of Lan Na, where Buddhist [[Pali]] literature flourished, monasteries were constructed on an unprecedented scale, and Lan Na developed into a major regional trading center.{{sfnp|Grabowsky|2010|p=219}} Chinese merchants came to 16th century Chiang Mai to exchange gold, silver, and Chinese handicrafts for Indian textiles, copper and benzoin while from Luang Prabang, Lower Burma, and Ayutthaya other caravans converged on Chiang Mai and Sukhothai.{{sfnp|Lieberman|2003|p=255}} Lan Na would be the major beneficiary of the war between Lan Xang and the Đại Việt. The crucial support King Tilok gave to the Lao in their struggle against the Đại Việt invaders enhanced the prestige of Lan Na as a reliable vassal state in the eyes of the Ming court. Economic and trade relations between Lan Na and China, including the transfer of military technology, were important factors in Lan Na's success.{{sfnp|Grabowsky|2010|p=228}} In fact, a little over ten years later, the thirty-year reign of King Muang Kaeo (1495–1525) is regarded as the “golden age” of Lan Na, where Buddhist [[Pali]] literature flourished, monasteries were constructed on an unprecedented scale, and Lan Na developed into a major regional trading center.{{sfnp|Grabowsky|2010|p=219}} Chinese merchants came to 16th century Chiang Mai to exchange gold, silver, and Chinese handicrafts for Indian textiles, copper and benzoin while from Luang Prabang, Lower Burma, and Ayutthaya other caravans converged on Chiang Mai and Sukhothai.{{sfnp|Lieberman|2003|p=255}}