KEITH BRADSHER2026年10月12日欧盟委员会贸易和经济安全委员马罗什·谢夫乔维奇在北京出席记者会。 Kyodo, via Reuters ConnectHigh-level talks in Beijing between the European Union and China ended on Friday with an unexpected agreement that could pull the two sides back from an imminent trade war.欧盟与中国在北京举行的高级别会谈于周五结束，双方出人意料地达成一项协议，有望避免一场迫在眉睫的贸易战。The most notable feature of the agreement involved what both sides described as an understanding on China’s exports of hybrid electric-gasoline cars, which have been among the most contentious points of tension between the two sides.这项协议最引人注目的内容涉及中国出口的混动汽车。双方均表示，已就这一问题达成谅解。混动汽车一直是中欧贸易关系中最具争议的问题之一。Maros Sefcovic, the trade commissioner of the 27-nation bloc, said that the understanding could lead to China’s halving the number of hybrid gasoline-electric cars that it sends to the European Union in the next four years. Neither side made any mention of any tariffs on those cars, which China has resolutely opposed.欧盟委员会贸易和经济安全委员马罗什·谢夫乔维奇表示，根据双方达成的谅解，中国可能在未来四年内将出口欧盟的混动汽车数量削减一半。双方均未提及对这类汽车征收关税的问题，中国一直坚决反对加征关税。China’s Ministry of Commerce said in a separate statement that the two sides had “reached an understanding on trade in hybrid vehicles in a manner consistent with World Trade Organization rules.” Complying with those rules makes it difficult for Europe to impose tariffs quickly. Tariffs also make it hard to know how many cars will continue to arrive from China, but Mr. Sefcovic said that the understanding would achieve specific reductions in imported cars.中国商务部在另一份声明中说，双方“以符合世贸组织规则的方式就混动汽车贸易达成谅解”。遵守世贸组织规则意味着欧洲很难迅速加征关税。此外，即使征收关税，也难以确定还会有多少汽车继续从中国运来，但谢夫乔维奇表示，这项谅解将实现具体的进口汽车数量削减目标。The compromise described by Mr. Sefcovic appeared to address the European Union’s need for immediate caps on the number of cars imported from China. It also addressed China’s need for an arrangement that would limit the often fierce competition among Chinese automakers in the European market, which has contributed to the Chinese automakers’ heavy losses.谢夫乔维奇所描述的妥协方案似乎既满足了欧盟立即限制中国汽车进口数量的要求，也回应了中国希望通过某种安排缓解中国车企在欧洲市场激烈竞争的需求。这种竞争往往十分惨烈，也是造成中国汽车制造商巨额亏损的原因之一。The agreement on hybrid cars appeared to have a strong resemblance to the two sides’ deal in 2013 for China to reduce the number of solar panels that it shipped each year to Europe, while Europe agreed to forgo its previous plans for tariffs on those shipments. This allowed Chinese solar panel makers to raise prices sharply in Europe for their limited supply of solar panels, producing large profits for Chinese solar panel manufacturers that previously were losing money.这项关于混动汽车的协议似乎与双方2013年达成的太阳能电池板协议极为相似。当时，中国同意减少每年向欧洲出口的太阳能电池板数量，欧洲则同意放弃此前对这些产品加征关税的计划。这使中国太阳能电池板制造商得以大幅提高在欧洲市场的售价，凭借受到限制的供应量获得丰厚利润，扭转了此前的亏损局面。The Chinese manufacturers invested those profits in more research and new factories, and now produce almost all of the world’s solar panels.中国制造商随后将这些利润投入更多研发及新工厂的建设，如今几乎生产了全球所有的太阳能电池板。China’s exports of plug-in hybrids to Europe have rapidly gained market share there and have contributed to Volkswagen’s recent plans to cut another 50,000 workers by the end of the decade, bringing its total reduction in its work force to 100,000.中国出口欧洲的插电式混合动力汽车迅速扩大了在当地的市场份额，也是大众汽车最近计划在本十年结束前再裁员5万人、使其裁员总人数达到10万人的原因之一。The European Union imposed tariffs of 7.8 to 35.3 percent on Chinese electric cars two years ago, on top of the region’s usual 10 percent tariff on imported cars. But the bloc did not impose extra tariffs then on plug-in hybrids.两年前，欧盟在通常对进口汽车征收的10%关税基础上又对中国电动汽车征收7.8%至35.3%的关税。但欧盟当时没有对插电式混合动力汽车加征额外关税。比亚迪电动车，2023年摄于慕尼黑。China’s exports of plug-in hybrids have soared to almost 200,000 a month, from fewer than 10,000 a month, in just three years. Many are going to Europe.短短三年间，中国插电式混合动力汽车出口从每月不足1万辆飙升至每月近20万辆，其中许多销往欧洲。China has strenuously opposed the extra tariffs on its electric cars that the European Union imposed to limit the number of imports of these cars. Beijing has called for the tariffs on electric cars to be replaced instead with limits on the number of cars shipped.中国一直强烈反对欧盟为限制中国电动汽车进口数量而对其加征的额外关税。北京方面主张应该取消这些关税，改为对汽车出口数量设定限制。This would allow Chinese electric car manufacturers to raise prices and improve profitability — the arrangement for hybrid gasoline-electric cars that is now emerging.这样一来，中国电动汽车制造商就能够提高售价，改善盈利能力。这也正是目前逐渐成形的混动汽车安排所采用的思路。Asked on Friday whether the current agreement on hybrid cars resembled the solar panel deal, Mr. Sefcovic said that circumstances were different and that Europe needed immediate action on hybrid cars. “The public opinion and the leaders really expect very fast action from our side,” he said.周五，当被问及目前的混动汽车协议是否与类似当年的太阳能电池板协议时，谢夫乔维奇说情况不同，而且欧洲需要立即采取行动应对混动汽车问题。他说：“公众舆论和领导人都确实期待我们迅速采取行动。”China has contended that unilateral tariffs are a violation of W.T.O. trade rules, which Beijing and the European Union are both still committed to uphold. By contrast, the Trump administration has repeatedly taken unilateral actions in defiance of W.T.O. norms. President Trump’s trade advisers have contended that China has a government-guided economy that does not follow the free market principles on which the W.T.O. was founded.中国认为，单方面加征关税违反世界贸易组织的贸易规则，而北京和欧盟都仍然致力于维护这些规则。相比之下，特朗普政府一再采取违背世贸组织规则的单边行动。特朗普总统的贸易顾问声称，中国实行的是政府主导的经济体制，并不遵循世贸组织赖以创立的自由市场原则。China’s Commerce Ministry dangled several carrots for the European Union to reach a compromise with Beijing. Mr. Sefcovic said that China had agreed to reduce tariffs on imports of European goods in categories like auto parts, olive oil and footwear with an annual value of almost 4 billion euros.为促使欧盟与北京达成妥协，中国商务部提出了几项优惠措施。谢夫乔维奇表示，中国已同意降低汽车零部件、橄榄油和鞋类等欧洲商品的进口关税，这些商品的年贸易额接近40亿欧元。This will save European exporters about €125 million a year in duties on their shipments to China, he said.他说，这将使欧洲出口商每年向中国出口商品时节省约1.25亿欧元的关税。A joint statement issued by China and the European Union was less specific, saying that “both sides will continue, within the framework of W.T.O. rules, to explore the possibility of tariff reductions or elimination for certain goods.”中国与欧盟发表的联合声明则没有如此具体，只是表示，“双方将继续探讨在世贸组织规则框架下，降低部分商品关税的可能性。”Some issues were left unresolved, notably whether the European Union will also forgo plans to require that key components of technologies like electric cars and wind turbines be made in Europe. Also unresolved is whether the European Union will proceed with anti-subsidy tariffs on wind turbines. Mr. Sefcovic said that more talks were planned early next year.一些问题仍未解决，尤其是欧盟是否会放弃要求电动汽车和风力涡轮机等技术产品的关键部件必须在欧洲制造的计划，以及欧盟是否仍将对风力涡轮机征收反补贴关税。谢夫乔维奇说，双方计划于明年初举行更多会谈。Mr. Sefcovic is scheduled to return to Brussels on Saturday and brief officials ahead of a meeting of European presidents and prime ministers next week.谢夫乔维奇定于周六返回布鲁塞尔，并将在下周欧洲各国领导人举行会议之前，向有关官员通报此次会谈的情况。The first item on the agenda for the meeting of Europe’s leaders is how to handle the region’s weakening economic competitiveness — and trade with China is a central issue. European leaders have been warning of a hollowing out of Europe’s industrial base because of surging imports of manufactured goods from China.欧洲领导人下周会议的首要议题是如何应对该地区经济竞争力不断减弱的问题，而对华贸易是其中的核心议题。欧洲领导人一直警告说，随着来自中国的制成品进口激增，欧洲的工业基础正面临被掏空的危险。Time is on China’s side, with each passing month producing more than $30 billion in trade surplus for China and further weakening European competitors of Chinese manufacturers.时间站在中国一边。每过去一个月，中国就能获得超过300亿美元的贸易顺差，并进一步削弱中国制造商的欧洲竞争对手。China’s Commerce Ministry said in its statement that China would continue approving exports of rare earths and rare-earth magnets to Europe. China has restricted exports of rare earths and rare-earth magnets since April 2025 and has threatened further restrictions if Europe takes action against China’s exports.中国商务部在声明中说，中国将继续批准对欧洲出口稀土和稀土磁体。自2025年4月以来，中国一直限制这两类产品的出口，并威胁如果欧洲对中国出口采取行动，将实施进一步限制。The ministry also said that Europe had agreed to help resolve disputes over its export controls.中国商务部还表示，欧盟已同意协助解决围绕其出口管制措施的争端。Under pressure from President Joseph R. Biden Jr. and now President Trump, European companies have avoided selling to China the latest equipment used to make semiconductors with potential military applications. Beijing officials have contended that one of the fastest ways for Europe to narrow somewhat its trade deficit with China would be to sell the most advanced equipment regardless of American objections.在前总统拜登以及现任总统特朗普的压力下，欧洲企业一直避免向中国出售最先进的半导体制造设备，因为这些设备生产的芯片可能被用于军事目的。北京官员认为，欧洲若想较快缩小对华贸易逆差，一个办法就是不顾美国反对，向中国出售最先进的设备。Europe has also been preparing legislation to impose a made-in-Europe requirement for important components of products like electric cars or wind turbines. China used to have similar requirements for cars and wind turbines, but repealed them after years of complaints from Europe and other trading partners. Beijing now contends that Europe should not adopt such rules, which would force Chinese companies to invest in factories in Europe instead of exporting from factories at home, where their costs are often lower.欧洲还一直在筹备立法，要求电动汽车或风力涡轮机等产品的重要零部件必须在欧洲制造。中国过去曾对汽车和风力涡轮机实施类似要求，但在欧洲和其他贸易伙伴多年抱怨后取消了这些规定。北京如今主张，欧洲不应出台这样的规定，因为这将迫使中国企业在欧洲投资建厂，而无法继续从生产成本通常更低的中国本土工厂向欧洲出口。The Chinese statement said that China and the European Union had “agreed to explore investment cooperation to foster mutual economic development and to discuss future-oriented cooperation.”中国商务部的声明称，中欧双方“同意探讨投资合作，促进彼此经济发展，并讨论开展面向未来的合作”。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。