Large epidemics of invasive meningococcal disease are rare in temperate regions. Here, we analyse administrative data on the largely forgotten epidemic of bacterial meningococcal meningitis that occurred in Glasgow in 1907, probably the largest on record in the UK. The epidemic, predominantly confined to the city, killed around 1,000 people, had a case fatality rate of nearly 70%, and hit infants and young children the hardest. We show the rapid rise and fall in cases and the spatial distribution of incidence and mortality rates within the city. We find that within-household overcrowding was a key driver of incidence whereas between-household geographic proximity was not. We also find that the spatial distribution of disease risk during the epidemic persisted in the post-epidemic period and during a later outbreak. The findings suggest that interventions should prioritise populations in areas that have experienced higher incidence rates to mitigate the risk of future outbreaks.