JULIAN E. BARNES, TRIPP MICKLE, 孟建国, MAGGIE HABERMAN2026年11月9日英伟达首席执行官黄仁勋是特朗普总统颇具影响力的盟友，也是全球围绕人工智能主导地位的激烈竞争中的关键人物。 Manuel Orbegozo for The New York TimesA memo that circulated among top policymakers in the Trump administration last spring cited intelligence that a Chinese businesswoman who had a close relationship with Nvidia’s chief executive was a spy for China’s Ministry of State Security, according to people briefed on the intelligence.据听取过相关情报简报的人士透露，今年春天，一份在特朗普政府高级决策官员之间传阅的备忘录援引情报称，一名与英伟达首席执行官关系密切的中国女商人是中国国家安全部的间谍。The businesswoman, Alice Huang, was recruited to collect intelligence on Jensen Huang, Nvidia’s chief executive, as part of a drive by Beijing’s top spy agency to learn more about American A.I. chips and potentially influence the company to push for its most advanced chips to be made available to China, the people said.知情人士称，这名女商人叫黄乐(Alice Huang)，她被招募来搜集英伟达首席执行官黄仁勋的情报。此举是中国最高情报机构的一项行动，目的是进一步了解美国的人工智能芯片，并谋求影响英伟达，促使该公司推动向中国出售其最先进的芯片。Mr. Huang, an influential ally of President Trump’s, is a pivotal figure in the intense global competition for A.I. supremacy. Nvidia’s advanced chips are sought after around the world, and the company’s growth has helped drive the stock market over the past several years.黄仁勋是特朗普总统有影响力的盟友，也是全球关于人工智能主导地位的激烈竞争的关键人物。英伟达的先进芯片在世界各地大受欢迎，公司的增长也成为过去几年推动股市上涨的重要力量。The existence of the memo and the assessment by U.S. officials that Ms. Huang was working directly for the main Chinese intelligence agency have not previously been reported. They add important new detail to what appears to be an especially audacious example of China’s longstanding industrial espionage efforts.这份备忘录的存在以及美国官员认定黄乐直接为中国主要情报机构工作的结论此前均未见报道。这些新披露的信息为中国长期以来从事工业间谍活动的一个尤为大胆的案例提供了重要的新细节。China’s interest in Mr. Huang, and precisely what Beijing hoped to achieve by having one of its intelligence assets begin a close relationship with the executive, have been a focus of U.S. spy agencies. Those questions are now also of interest to Capitol Hill. On Thursday, the Republican leaders of three influential House committees requested that Mr. Huang appear before them later this month in a closed-door briefing regarding his interactions with Ms. Huang, who is not related.中国为何对黄仁勋感兴趣、北京希望通过让一名情报人员与他建立密切关系达到什么目的一直是美国情报机构关注的重点。这些问题现在也引起了国会的兴趣。周四，众议院三个重要委员会的共和党领导人要求黄仁勋在本月晚些时候出席一场闭门简报会，就他与黄乐的往来情况给出说明。2024年6月，黄仁勋与Megaspeed高管黄乐及其他科技企业高管在台北参加一场行业聚会。照片由NetThunder公司发布在领英上。The New York Times reported last week that Mr. Huang was a target of a Chinese intelligence operation, and that U.S. intelligence agencies were conducting electronic surveillance of Ms. Huang, a Chinese citizen, for at least a year. The Times reported that Mr. Trump had been briefed last year about Mr. Huang’s relationship with her, but chose not to do anything about it.《纽约时报》上周报道，黄仁勋是中国一项情报行动的目标，美国情报机构已对身为中国公民的黄乐实施了至少一年的电子监控。《纽约时报》还报道，特朗普去年曾听取有关黄仁勋与黄乐关系的简报，但决定不采取任何行动。Ms. Huang speaks English well and has relationships with executives at the highest levels of the A.I. chip industry, including Mr. Huang and the leaders of Gigabyte, one of the top assemblers of Nvidia supercomputers, said people who have met her. She has attended industry conferences and private executive dinners.见过黄乐的人说，她英语流利，与人工智能芯片行业的最高层保持着联系，包括黄仁勋和技嘉科技(Gigabyte)的领导人，技嘉科技是英伟达超级计算机的主要组装商之一。黄乐曾出席行业会议和高管私人晚宴。It is unclear when Ms. Huang first met Nvidia’s leader. In 2024, around the time the two of them were photographed together at a bar in Taipei, her company, Megaspeed, began a multibillion-dollar purchase of advanced A.I. microchips.目前不清楚黄乐第一次见到英伟达领导人是什么时候。2024年，两人在台北一家酒吧合影前后，她的公司Megaspeed开始采购价值数十亿美元的先进人工智能微芯片。To many in the industry, the well-funded push by Megaspeed into A.I. appeared to come out of nowhere.在许多业内人士看来，Megaspeed手握雄厚资金突然大举进军人工智能领域令人颇感意外。Ms. Huang was connected to a network of companies and investors clustered around Shanghai and Zhejiang province that had used their ties to local officials in Shanghai to push aggressively from mobile video games into data centers, which provide the computing power behind artificial intelligence.黄乐与一个集中在上海和浙江省的企业及投资者网络存在联系。这个网络利用与上海地方官员的关系，积极推动业务从手机游戏向数据中心扩张。数据中心提供人工智能运行所需的算力。Megaspeed has been building data centers in Southeast Asia and then renting their computing power to Alibaba, the giant Chinese internet firm, giving China a backdoor way of getting access to advanced Nvidia chips. Nvidia is restricted by the United States from selling those chips directly to China.Megaspeed一直在东南亚建设数据中心，然后将算力出租给中国互联网巨头阿里巴巴，使中国得以通过一条间接渠道使用英伟达的先进芯片。美国限制英伟达直接向中国销售这些芯片。Beyond its local connections, the network also has a financial link to the Chinese military establishment, through an investment in a cybersecurity subsidiary of China Electronics Technology Group, one of the country’s largest makers of military technology.除了地方关系，这个企业网络还通过投资中国电子科技集团旗下的一家网络安全子公司与中国军工体系存在财务联系。中国电子科技集团是中国最大的军事技术制造商之一。去年在华盛顿举行的一场英伟达大会展览活动上，人们参观计算技术展示。The Chinese government has set goals to overtake the United States as the world’s leader in A.I. technology by 2030. The focus on A.I. has increased across the parts of the Chinese government that specialize in national security, including the spy agency that recruited Ms. Huang.中国政府已制定目标，要在2030年前超越美国，成为全球人工智能技术的领导者。中国政府内部负责国家安全的部门日益重视人工智能，其中就包括招募黄乐的情报机构。China’s M.S.S. spy agency was once a backwater. But when Xi Jinping took over as China’s leader in 2012, he began to invest in the agency. Today it is many times larger than the C.I.A., collecting human intelligence and intercepting electronic communications. The agency also conducts counterintelligence operations.中国国家安全部曾经是一个不起眼的边缘部门。但习近平2012年成为中国领导人后开始加大对该机构的投入。如今，国安部的规模已是美国中央情报局的数倍，既搜集人力情报，也截获电子通信信息，同时还开展反间谍行动。Peter Mattis, a former C.I.A. counterintelligence analyst, said China’s spy agency had made technology a focus of its activities, seeing it as “the key fight for dominance in the economic world.”曾任美国中央情报局反间谍分析师的彼得·马蒂斯表示，中国的情报机构已将技术列为工作重点，认为技术是“争夺全球经济主导地位的关键战场”。“They’re interested in what’s taking place in technology, in the technical specifications of what’s being built and in shaping decision-making as it relates to those things,” said Mr. Mattis, who is now the president of the Jamestown Foundation, a national security think tank. “Jensen is someone you’d want to influence because he wields a lot of power and is at the crux of a world-shaping technology.”“他们关注科技领域正在发生的变化、正在开发的技术有哪些具体规格，以及如何影响与这些技术相关的决策，”现任国家安全智库詹姆斯敦基金会主席的马蒂斯说。“黄仁勋正是他们希望施加影响的人，因为他拥有巨大的影响力，而且身处一项足以改变世界的技术的关键位置。”John Rizzo, an Nvidia spokesman, said that the company does not share classified information with its customers, and that customers do not ask Nvidia to press the U.S. government to change its policies on chip sales to China.英伟达发言人约翰·里佐表示，公司不会与客户分享机密信息，客户也不会要求英伟达向美国政府施压，改变对华芯片销售政策。He added that the Chinese government had “consistently promoted its own domestic alternatives in China, including Huawei, and strictly limited imports of our data center products.”他还说，中国政府“一直在中国推广包括华为在内的本土替代产品，并严格限制进口我们的数据中心产品”。Mr. Rizzo has maintained that Mr. Huang’s interactions with Ms. Huang were “not unusual” and consistent with the kinds of meetings he has with any of Nvidia’s many customers.里佐一直坚称，黄仁勋与黄乐的往来“并无异常”，与他同英伟达众多客户举行的其他会面没有区别。Liu Chang, a spokesman for the Chinese embassy, said The Times reporting was “unsubstantiated” and “nothing but smears against China.” Ms. Huang has not responded to multiple attempts to reach her for comment in recent days. Mr. Rizzo previously said that Mr. Huang’s interactions with Ms. Huang were “not unusual,” and that he speaks annually with thousands of executives who do business with Nvidia.中国驻美国大使馆发言人刘畅表示，《纽约时报》的报道“毫无根据”，“纯属对中国的污蔑”。记者近日多次尝试联系黄乐请其置评，但均未得到回应。里佐此前表示，黄仁勋与黄乐的往来“并无异常”，而且黄仁勋每年都会与数千名同英伟达有业务往来的高管交谈。Spokeswomen for the White House and C.I.A. declined to comment.白宫和中央情报局的发言人均拒绝置评。Mr. Huang has been steadfast over the past several years in calling for the U.S. government to permit chip makers to sell A.I. technology to China. He has argued that doing so would create competition for Huawei, China’s tech giant, and slow its development of A.I. technology.过去几年里，黄仁勋始终坚定主张美国政府应允许芯片制造商向中国销售人工智能技术。他认为，这样做可以为中国科技巨头华为制造竞争，从而减缓其人工智能技术的发展。今年9月，黄仁勋与特朗普总统在白宫出席一场人工智能主题午宴。In 2025, he persuaded Mr. Trump to roll back a prohibition on A.I. chip sales to China and allow Nvidia to sell a less powerful chip there. He and the president later struck a deal to sell the company’s second-most-powerful chip to China, with the United States taking a 25 percent cut of sales. Mr. Trump later considered allowing Nvidia to sell China its latest chip, known as Blackwell. But he has backed off that idea.2025年，他说服特朗普撤销对华销售人工智能芯片的禁令，允许英伟达向中国出售一款性能较低的芯片。后来，他又与特朗普达成协议，允许公司向中国销售其性能第二强的芯片，美国政府则从销售额中抽取25%。此后，特朗普还考虑过允许英伟达向中国出售其最新的Blackwell芯片，但最终放弃了这一想法。Speaking at an investor conference in May, Mr. Huang said that China should not have access to Nvidia’s best technology, like its Blackwell chips or its forthcoming Rubin chip. He said the United States should have “the first, the most and the best, but simultaneously all American companies should compete globally.”今年5月，黄仁勋在一场投资者会议上表示，中国不应获得英伟达最先进的技术，例如Blackwell芯片或即将推出的Rubin芯片。他说，美国应该“最先拿到、拿到最多、拿到最好的技术，但与此同时，所有美国公司都应该参与全球竞争”。Founded in 1983, China’s M.S.S. spy agency long failed to win the confidence of the country’s leaders. The espionage and cyber-hacking arms of the People’s Liberation Army were for years considered the primary intelligence collection arms of Beijing.中国国家安全部成立于1983年，一直以来未能赢得国家领导层的信任。多年来，中国人民解放军的间谍和网络黑客部门一直被视为北京主要的情报搜集力量。The agency took on more of China’s espionage work after Beijing and Washington struck a deal in 2015 to curb cyberoperations, according to researchers and U.S. officials. In the years that followed, the Justice Department accused hackers associated with the M.S.S. of attempting to steal U.S. technology and infiltrate U.S. networks.据研究人员和美国官员称，2015年北京与华盛顿达成限制网络行动的协议后，国家安全部承担了更多中国的间谍活动。此后数年，美国司法部指控与国家安全部有关联的黑客试图窃取美国技术，并渗透美国的网络。By 2023, the agency had emerged as a rival to the C.I.A., and began using A.I. to select and profile targets. It had expanded its network of spies through aggressive recruitment, and used its bigger budget to help Mr. Xi in his ambitions to challenge U.S. dominance.到2023年，国家安全部已发展成为美国中央情报局的竞争对手，并开始利用人工智能筛选情报目标、建立目标画像。该机构通过大规模招募扩大了间谍网络，还利用增加的预算，协助习近平实现挑战美国主导地位的雄心。The M.S.S. also used its ties to various Chinese companies to expand its work, in cyber-hacking, espionage and information operations. It is estimated to have hundreds of thousands of agents, which dwarfs the number of counterintelligence officers in the United States.国家安全部还利用与多家中国公司的关系来扩展其在网络黑客、间谍活动和信息行动方面的工作。据估计，该机构拥有数十万名特工，远远超过美国反间谍人员的数量。The agency continues to largely operate behind the scenes, but under its current leader, Chen Yixin, it has also taken on a more public role in Chinese life. In 2023, the agency created a WeChat account, mainly for domestic propaganda and for encouraging Chinese citizens to report people suspected of being foreign spies. The channel is also used to attack the United States for a supposed Cold War mind-set.国家安全部在很大程度上仍继续在幕后运作，但在现任部长陈一新的领导下，它在中国社会生活中也扮演了更加公开的角色。2023年，该机构开设了一个微信公众号，主要用于国内宣传，并鼓励中国公民举报疑似外国间谍的人员。该公众号还被用来攻击美国，称其抱有所谓的冷战思维。Mr. Chen is very familiar with the region of eastern China where Ms. Huang operates. A Zhejiang native, he spent a major part of his long career working for the province’s Chinese Communist Party. He served under Mr. Xi when Mr. Xi ran Zhejiang in the early 2000s. Political analysts say their ties are close.陈一新非常熟悉黄乐从事商业活动的华东地区。他是浙江人，在漫长的职业生涯中，大部分时间都在为该省的中共党组织工作。习近平在2000年代初主政浙江期间，陈一新曾在其手下任职。政治分析人士称两人关系密切。Mr. Chen has been outspoken about the risks A.I. poses to the Chinese Communist Party. In a September essay in the state-run magazine China Cyberspace, he said that China needed to assert control over A.I. to protect political stability at home, defend against increasingly sophisticated cyberattacks and compete militarily with the United States. He said algorithms would help countries “gain the initiative on the battlefield.”陈一新一直直言不讳地谈论人工智能对中国共产党构成的风险。在9月发表于官方杂志《中国网信》的一篇文章中，他说中国需要加强对人工智能的控制，以维护国内政治稳定、防范日益复杂的网络攻击，并在军事领域与美国竞争。他表示，算法将帮助各国“赢得战场主动权”。Julian E. Barnes为《纽约时报》报道美国情报机构和国际安全事务。他撰写安全相关议题已有20余年。Tripp Mickle报道英伟达、谷歌和苹果等全球最大的科技公司。他也报道整个科技行业的趋势，包括裁员、生成式AI和机器人出租车等。Maggie Haberman是《纽约时报》白宫记者，报道特朗普总统。孟建国(Paul Mozur)是时报全球科技记者，常驻台北。此前，他自香港、上海和首尔报道亚洲科技与政治的交叉议题。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。