Explore This SectionPerseverance HomeMission OverviewRover ComponentsMars Rock SamplesWhere is Perseverance?Ingenuity Mars HelicopterMission UpdatesScienceOverviewObjectivesInstruments Highlights Exploration GoalsNews and FeaturesMultimediaPerseverance Raw ImagesImagesVideosAudioMore ResourcesMars MissionsMars Perseverance RoverMars Curiosity RoverMars Reconnaissance OrbiterMars OdysseyMore Mars MissionsMars HomeThis heavily pitted, light-toned float rock “Nhlanguleni” was imaged by SHERLOC’s WATSON camera on Sol 2023, October 29, 2026, at “Kapama Karula” in the “South Idubi” region.NASA/JPL-CaltechWritten by Roger C. Wiens, SuperCam Principal Investigator for NASA’s Perseverance rover at Purdue UniversityNov. 4, 2026Exploration on Mars turns up the unexpected. Perseverance is equipped with a fantastic set of instruments for studying the rock record of this ancient planet. Both PIXL and SuperCam have great capabilities for detecting all kinds of elements. SHERLOC, SuperCam, and PIXL can detect minerals using various techniques including x-ray fluorescence, Raman, and infrared spectroscopies. As a side benefit of the way SuperCam performs its Raman spectroscopy, it can also study time-resolved luminescence. Normally luminescence occurs over a broad wavelength range (most of Earth’s commercial lighting uses luminescence in some way or another). Two years ago, the SuperCam team was startled to find strong, narrow luminescence peaks at two wavelengths of 692.7 and 694.1 nanometers when they shot a light-colored rock with the laser. This luminescence comes from delayed atomic transitions in chromium atoms present in a corundum mineral structure. SuperCam can time the delay of the atomic transitions via the resulting photons, and so we could verify that this emission came from chromium in corundum. The results were published in Geophysical Research Letters by a team led by Ann Ollila earlier this year, so you can read all about it. The gemstone version of chromium-containing corundum is ruby. Prior to installing SuperCam on Perseverance, we placed a ruby in the laser beam and watched the entire room pulse a brilliant red as SuperCam’s laser beam hit the gemstone; it was extremely bright.While we haven’t found collectable rubies on Mars yet, the little corundum crystals are helping us learn more about Mars’ past. Corundum is a metamorphic and pegmatitic mineral which we would not expect to find on Mars, a planet that lacks plate tectonics. However, large meteor and asteroid impacts can create local metamorphism due to long-term heating from the impact. Because we are in a very ancient terrain near the rim of Jezero crater, we can expect some evidence of localized metamorphism. As the first mission in such terrain, we are learning new things. Earlier in the mission we tried this technique only rarely; lately we have carried out the time-resolved luminescence observations frequently on light-toned rocks to look for more evidence of impact effects. It’s great to have this unexpected tool on board as we delve further into Mars’ deep past.Want to read more posts from the Perseverance team?Visit Mission UpdatesWant to learn more about Perseverance’s science instruments?Visit the Science Instruments pageExplore More2 min readNewest Sample, Oldest Rock?Article14 minutes ago4 min readCuriosity Blog, Sols 5043-5049: Preparing to Drill at ‘Nazca’Article2 weeks ago2 min readTinga’s TaleArticle2 weeks agoKeep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASAAll Mars ResourcesExplore this collection of Mars images, videos, resources, PDFs, and toolkits. Discover valuable content designed to inform, educate, and inspire,…Rover BasicsEach robotic explorer sent to the Red Planet has its own unique capabilities driven by science. Many attributes of a…Mars Exploration: Science GoalsThe key to understanding the past, present or future potential for life on Mars can be found in NASA’s four…Mars Perseverance RoverThe Mars Perseverance rover is the first leg the Mars Sample Return Campaign’s interplanetary relay team. Its job is to…