DUSTIN VOLZ, JULIAN E. BARNES2026年7月17日2019年在日本举行的二十国集团峰会期间，特朗普总统与中国国家主席习近平举行双边会晤。 Erin Schaff/The New York TimesPresident Trump started his speech on Thursday evening by outlining a series of claims about China’s attempts to acquire American voter data, portraying the alleged activity as a historic scandal.特朗普总统周四晚间发表讲话，首先概述了一系列关于中国试图获取美国选民数据的指控，并将他声称的这些活动描述为一桩历史性的丑闻。But China’s efforts to collect that data have been broadly known for years. Voter data is in many cases freely available to download on the internet, and in other cases can be purchased. Possessing such data could reveal insights about American voters, but would not allow votes to be manipulated.但中国对这方面数据的收集多年来早已众所周知。很多时候选民数据可以从互联网上免费下载，还有一些则是可以购买。拥有此类数据或许可以更好地理解美国选民，但并不能以此来操纵选票。Mr. Trump asserted that Beijing had carried out “the largest compromise of election data in history” starting with the 2020 cycle, illicitly collecting 220 million voter files “over a period of years.”特朗普坚称，北京从2020年大选周期开始实施了“史上最大规模的选举数据入侵”，并“在数年时间里”非法收集了2.2亿份选民文件。It was unclear precisely how the president arrived at that number, which could include names, addresses and phone numbers, though the heavily redacted documents include a table that lists volumes of acquired records, including some 204 million records from 2016. China has hacked far more sensitive information, such as government personnel records, than what voter files would offer.目前尚不清楚总统究竟是如何得出这一数字的，这其中可能包括姓名、地址和电话号码，不过这些经过大量涂黑的文件中，包含了一张列出了获取记录数量的表格，其中包括2016年的约2.04亿条记录。相比于选民文件所能提供的信息，中国窃取过远比这更敏感的信息，例如政府人事记录。The claim was one of several Mr. Trump made that was either overstated or untethered from reality as his administration published hundreds of pages of documents that were far more measured and reserved in their judgments about China and other election security issues.这一主张是特朗普的若干夸大其词或脱离现实的言论之一，其政府公布的数百页文件在对中国和其他选举安全问题的判断上则显得更为克制和保留。During the 2020 election, the mainstream view inside U.S. intelligence agencies was that China was not seeking to influence the outcome of the presidential contest, but there was a dissenting view that Beijing wanted Mr. Trump to lose his re-election bid.在2020年大选期间，美国情报机构内部的主流观点是，中国并不试图影响总统选举的结果，但也有人持不同意见，认为北京希望特朗普在争取连任的竞选中失败。Newly declassified documents released on Thursday by the Trump administration present a more detailed account of that dissenting view, although its main aspects were already public.特朗普政府于周四发布的最新解密文件对这种不同意见进行了更详细的描述，尽管其主要内容此前已经公开。A senior cyber intelligence official, Chris Porter, who was not identified in the documents, wrote a series of classified memos on the matter. He made the case that “Beijing has taken at least some low-level, exploratory steps” to undermine Mr. Trump’s chances of being re-elected in his 2020 race against Joseph R. Biden Jr.曾就此事撰写一系列机密备忘录的高级网络情报官员克里斯·波特（其身份未在文件中指明）提出论据认为，“北京至少已经采取了一些低水平的、探索性的步骤”，来削弱特朗普在2020年竞选中击败约瑟夫·R·拜登获得连任的机会。In broad strokes, Mr. Porter’s dissent was made public after the election, first in a note released on Jan. 7, 2021, by John Ratcliffe, who was then the outgoing director of national intelligence, and later in a declassified intelligence community assessment on foreign influence operations that was released in March 2021.简而言之，波特的不同意见在大选后被公之于众首先是在2021年1月7日由时任即将离任的国家情报总监约翰·拉特克利夫发布的一份说明中，随后是在2021年3月发布的一份关于外国影响行动的解密情报界评估报告中。That document noted Mr. Porter agreed with the overall view of the intelligence community that “there was no information suggesting China tried to interfere with election processes.”文件指出，波特同意情报界的总体观点，即“没有任何信息表明中国曾试图干预选举程序”。The documents made public Thursday were heavily redacted but give a closer look into the intelligence Mr. Porter and a colleague used to draw their conclusions that China was at least taking some steps to undermine Mr. Trump’s re-election.周四公布的文件虽存在大量涂黑，但仍可以藉此深入了解波特及其同事所使用的情报，这些情报帮助他们得出结论：中国至少正在采取一些措施来破坏特朗普的连任竞选。In his first declassified memo, from Oct. 16, 2020, Mr. Porter said that he and the other intelligence official assessed Beijing’s efforts at influence “probably included overt messaging, nascent online covert influence capabilities” as well as diplomatic and economic leverage.在其2020年10月16日的第一份解密备忘录中，波特表示，他和其他情报官员评估，北京在施加影响方面的努力“可能包括公开宣传、新生的网络隐蔽影响能力”以及外交和经济手段。The memo notes that the national intelligence officer for East Asia as well as other officers from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence disagreed. They assessed that China had not deployed influence efforts, in large measure because its leadership sought stability in relations with the United States.该备忘录指出，负责东亚事务的国家情报官员以及国家情报总监办公室的其他官员对此持反对意见。他们评估认为，中国并未展开施加影响的行动，这在很大程度上是因为其领导层寻求与美国保持稳定关系。Key sections of the October 2020 document are redacted, making it difficult to assess fully what intelligence caused Mr. Porter and the other intelligence officer to have doubts over their colleagues’ conclusions. Mr. Porter and the colleague gave their assessment a low-to-medium confidence level, suggesting that they did not have robust evidence for the conclusions.2020年10月文件的关键部分被涂黑，这使得人们很难全面评估究竟是什么情报让波特和其他情报官员对同事的结论产生怀疑。波特和其同事将他们的评估定为“低到中等”置信度，这表明他们并没有扎实的证据来支持其结论。But in parts of the memo, Mr. Porter and the other officer cite increasing planning discussions among Chinese officials about how to respond to American pressure and worries about the damage Mr. Trump’s re-election would do to China’s semiconductor industry.但在备忘录中，波特和其他官员几次提到中国官员之间正越来越多地谈及如何应对美国的压力，以及担心特朗普的连任将对中国的半导体行业造成多大损害。In a partially redacted sentence, Mr. Porter wrote about a recommendation that China collect “black materials” about Mr. Trump and “sensationalize” them at the appropriate time.在一个被部分涂黑的句子中，波特写道，有一项建议是收集关于特朗普的“黑料”，并在合适的时机予以“炒作”。There is no evidence that recommendation was acted on. But that did not seem to matter to Mr. Trump in his remarks.没有证据表明该建议已被付诸实施。但这在特朗普的讲话中似乎并不重要。“In mid-2019, the Chinese government strategy against the United States was focused on undermining domestic confidence in the U.S. president,” Mr. Trump said. “They wanted to just make you sound like your president was not so hot. When actually your president has done a great job.”“在2019年中期，中国针对美国的战略重点是削弱美国国内对总统的信心，”特朗普说道。“他们只想让你们觉得你们的总统不怎么样。而实际上你们的总统做得非常出色。”In another section, the file says China was experimenting with creating deepfakes — manipulated images and videos — to denigrate Mr. Trump. Due to redactions, it is unclear whether China did anything more than experiment.还有文件提到中国正在尝试制作深度伪造内容——即经过篡改的图像和视频——来诋毁特朗普。由于内容被涂黑，目前尚不清楚中国除了尝试之外是否还做了更多事情。But the dissenting intelligence officers noted that Chinese government had used Chinese organizations to incite protests in the U.S. to undermine Mr. Trump’s re-election chances and that pro-China influence network had posted messaging denigrating the administration.但持不同意见的情报官员指出，中国政府曾利用中国组织在美国煽动抗议活动以削弱特朗普的连任机会，且亲中影响网络曾发布过诋毁该届政府的言论。Mr. Trump referred to those intelligence findings in his remarks, but exaggerated what the declassified documents said, portraying them as a far broader effort.特朗普在讲话中提到了这些情报发现，但他夸大了这些解密文件所表述的内容，将其描绘成了一场规模宏大得多的行动。In another memo, Mr. Porter wrote that key adversarial countries — Russia, China, Iran and North Korea — all had the capability to access and manipulate data in some election-related computer systems. They found that voter registration databases and election websites were most vulnerable. While systems that tabulate voters could be “vulnerable to localized exploitation,” they found it would be difficult to manipulate on a big enough scale to change the election outcome.在另一份备忘录中，波特写道，主要的敌对国家——俄罗斯、中国、伊朗和朝鲜——都有能力访问和操纵某些选举相关计算机系统的数据。他们发现，选民登记数据库和选举网站最容易受到攻击。虽然统计选民的系统可能“容易遭到局部的利用”，但他们发现，要在足够大的规模上进行操纵以改变选举结果将是困难的。The intelligence community assessment conducted on the 2020 vote made much the same points. It said while adversarial powers had the capability of hacking local election systems, any effort to change votes would be detected.针对2020年投票进行的情报界评估也提出了几乎相同的观点。该报告称，虽然敌对势力有能力黑入地方选举系统，但任何试图更改选票的企图都会被察觉。One file reveals that in January 2022, actors aligned with the Chinese government obtained public voter registration data from Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Michigan, Oklahoma and Rhode Island and unsuccessfully tried to download a voter registration application from Ohio.其中一份文件透露，在2022年1月，为中国政府效力的黑客获取了来自科罗拉多州、康涅狄格州、佛罗里达州、俄克拉荷马州、密歇根州和罗德岛州的公共选民登记数据，并曾试图从俄亥俄州下载选民登记申请，但未能成功。Such information, the report said, could be useful in hacking efforts against those voters or election influence operations. But the report conceded: “The actual motivations for collecting this information is unknown.”报告称，此类信息可能有助于针对这些选民实施黑客攻击，或用于选举影响行动。但报告承认：“收集这些信息的实际动机尚不明确。”Dustin Volz为时报报道网络安全和情报领域新闻，常驻华盛顿。Julian E. Barnes为《纽约时报》报道美国情报机构和国际安全事务。他撰写安全相关议题已有20余年。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。