EPHRAT LIVNI2026年8月14日去年阿富汗喀布尔的一个集市。大多数女性表示，她们必须征得男性亲属的同意才能出门。 Tomas Munita for The New York TimesThe Taliban regained control of Afghanistan five years ago this week, returning to power after two decades and restoring an Islamic government that had severely restricted women’s rights.就在五年前的这一周，塔利班重新控制了阿富汗，在阔别政坛20年后重返权力中心，并恢复了曾经严重限制妇女权利的伊斯兰政府。In those few years, women and girls have been systematically erased from most public life, experts say. And, some add, the limitations imposed on half the population could hobble Afghanistan far into the future.专家表示，在这短短几年里，妇女和女童已被系统性地从大多数公共生活中抹去。还有一些专家指出，强加于半数人口的限制可能会在未来很长一段时间内阻碍阿富汗的发展。The harsh restrictions on women and girls are a return to conditions that prevailed the previous time the Taliban controlled Afghanistan, in the late 1990s. More than 160 decrees have been issued targeting women and girls, barring them from secondary and higher education and restricting their employment, movement, dress, speech and decision-making.对妇女和女童的严厉限制使阿富汗恢复了20世纪90年代末塔利班上一次控制该国时的状态。目前当局颁布了160多项针对妇女和女童的法令，禁止她们接受中等和高等教育，并限制她们的就业、出行、着装、言论及决策权。“No other country in modern times has dismantled the rights of half its population through law, policy and practice to the same extent,” the United Nations agency on women said on Wednesday. “At the same time, overlapping humanitarian and economic crises and deepening poverty are also having a disproportionate impact on women and girls.”“在现代，没有哪个国家曾通过法律、政策和实践以如此程度剥夺半数人口的权利，”联合国妇女署周三表示。“与此同时，人道主义危机和经济危机相互叠加以及日益加深的贫困也对女性造成了过高的影响。”The official restrictions have reinforced social pressures, and many women say their communities increasingly press them to conform, a new U.N. Women report found, based on recent surveys. “Half a decade of escalating restrictions has narrowed where Afghan women can go, what they can do and how they can live,” it said. “The results are alarming.”联合国妇女署基于近期调查发布的一份新报告发现，官方的限制加剧了社会压力，许多女性表示，她们所在的社区越来越多地迫使她们顺从。“五年来不断升级的限制措施压缩了阿富汗女性的出行范围、行为空间和生活方式，”报告称。“其结果令人震惊。”5月，阿富汗马扎里沙里夫，几名妇女在编织一张地毯。当地女性的就业机会寥寥无几。The agency surveyed about 5,000 Afghans in rural and urban communities this past spring and last year, asking women and men about life under the Taliban. There were some similarities in the genders’ answers — but some very stark differences as well.该机构在今年春天和去年对城乡社区的约5000名阿富汗人进行了调查，询问了男性和女性在塔利班统治下的生活状况。男女双方的回答有一些相似之处，但也有着极其显著的差异。Many Afghans surveyed expressed disappointment with the course of their lives in recent years. Still, women reported levels of isolation and distress that suggest a growing mental health crisis, the U.N. report said.许多受访的阿富汗人对近年来自己生活的发展轨迹表示失望。但联合国报告指出，女性所报告的孤立和痛苦程度表明，心理健康危机正在加剧。More than half of men surveyed — about 55 percent — said their lives were worse than they had expected they would be before August 2021, compared with 65 percent of women who reported a similar sentiment. But their reasoning was starkly different.超过一半的受访男性（约55%）表示，他们的生活比2021年8月前的预期要糟，相比之下，有65%的女性表达了类似的感受。但双方给出这种回答的理由截然不同。Male respondents reported frustration with a lack of economic opportunities, while many women also blamed reduced access to education, for themselves or their children, and rules restricting women’s jobs and lives.男性受访者对缺乏经济机会感到沮丧，许多女性则将原因归咎于自身或子女受教育机会的减少，以及限制女性工作和生活的各种规定。“By closing off education and many forms of employment, these restrictions compound the economic pressures already felt by most women,” the U.N. report said, noting the “profound personal toll” the situation has had on women in Afghanistan. Many women reported rising stress, worry and pressure, “consistent with wider evidence of deteriorating mental health,” it added.联合国报告称：“通过切断教育和多种形式的就业途径，这些限制加剧了大多数妇女原本就感受到的经济压力，”报告指出，这一状况对阿富汗妇女造成了“深重的个人代价”。报告还称，许多女性表示压力、焦虑和重负感不断上升，“这与心理健康恶化这一更广泛的证据相吻合”。The report highlights the isolation many Afghan women now experience as a result of the restrictions. A vast majority of the women surveyed — 90 percent — said they must have a male family member’s permission to leave the house. And more than half said they went out only once or twice a month. Among male survey respondents, more than 95 percent reported leaving their homes daily.报告强调，由于这些限制措施，许多阿富汗女性目前面临孤立处境。绝大多数受访女性(90%)表示，她们必须获得男性家庭成员的许可才能离家。超过一半的人表示，她们每月只出门一到两次。而在男性受访者中，超过95%的人表示每天都会离家外出。Women and girls’ adherence to the new Taliban rules is increasingly reinforced by people around them, like relatives and neighbors. The U.N. report noted that nearly 40 percent of women surveyed this year said they felt more pressure than before to tailor their behavior for fear that those they know will report them for inappropriate dress, speech or actions.亲戚和邻居等周围的人正在不断强化妇女和女童对塔利班新规的服从。联合国报告指出，在今年接受调查的女性中，近40%的人表示，由于担心认识的人会举报她们着装、言论或行为不当，她们在规范自身行为方面感到了比以往更大的压力。“The Taliban have extended state control deep into the private sphere by transforming patriarchal norms into legal obligations and conscripting families into the enforcement of their ideology,” Belquis Ahmadi, a human rights lawyer and expert on Afghanistan, formerly at the United States Institute of Peace, wrote in a recent report on Taliban rule.人权律师、曾任职于美国和平研究所的阿富汗问题专家贝尔基丝·艾哈迈迪在近期一份关于塔利班统治的报告中写道：“塔利班将父权制规范转化为法律义务，并驱使家庭参与执行其意识形态，从而将国家控制深入延伸到了私人领域。”去年12月，一位女性带着女儿走在阿富汗戴昆迪省社区内，路过一家已关闭的卫生中心。Human rights experts say that the crisis for women in Afghanistan has reached a critical point.人权专家表示，阿富汗女性面临的危机已达到临界点。Afghanistan is the only country in the world to formally prohibit access to education for girls and women beyond the primary level. The longer women and girls are excluded from schools, institutions and public life, the more entrenched the restrictive system becomes, the further behind they fall and the fewer models there are, making their ability to recover ever less likely, jeopardizing the country’s long-term prospects.阿富汗是世界上唯一正式禁止妇女和女童接受小学以上教育的国家。女性被排斥在学校、机构和公共生活之外的时间越长，这种限制性制度就越根深蒂固，她们落后的程度就越深，可供效仿的榜样也就越少，这使得她们复元的可能性越来越小，并危及该国的长期前景。“As a new generation of girls grows without an education, their future becomes increasingly dark,” UNESCO wrote in a statement this week, calling for the full restoration of the right to education for Afghan girls and women.联合国教科文组织在本周的一份声明中写道：“随着新一代缺乏教育的女童逐渐长大，她们的未来变得越来越黯淡。”该组织呼吁全面恢复阿富汗女童和妇女的受教育权。Ms. Ahmadi wrote in her analysis, “Behind every Taliban decree is a human story: a university student packing away her books, a teacher dismissed from the profession she loves, a judge forced into hiding, a doctor prevented from treating patients, an entrepreneur closing her business, or a young girl asking her parents why she is no longer allowed to learn while her brother walks freely to school.”艾哈迈迪在分析中写道：“塔利班每一项法令的背后都有一段活生生的个人故事：一名女大学生默默收起书本；一名女教师被解雇，不得不离开她热爱的职业；一名女法官被迫东躲西藏；一名女医生被禁止为患者治病；一名女企业家关闭了自己的生意；一个小女孩问父母，为什么她的兄弟可以自由自在地去上学，而她却再也不被允许学习。”She argues that the international community must speak up for the silenced.她认为，国际社会必须为那些被噤声的人发声。“The greatest danger facing Afghanistan today is not only that 20 million women and girls are being systematically erased from public life,” Ms. Ahmadi wrote. “It is that the world is slowly learning to live with it.”“如今阿富汗面临的最大危险不仅在于2000万女性正被系统性地从公共生活中抹去，”艾哈迈迪写道。“而是世界正在慢慢学会接受这种现状。”Ephrat Livni是时报全球新闻记者，常驻纽约。翻译：晋其角点击查看本文英文版。