KEITH BRADSHER2026年7月27日中国对德国最大的国防承包商莱茵金属公司征收了关税，这是中国针对欧洲对被指协助俄罗斯对乌战争的中国企业所采取的措施进行报复的一部分。 Georg Hochmuth/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesLast month, China blacklisted two American companies crucial to U.S. efforts to create a supply chain for making powerful rare earth magnets.上月，中国将两家对美国建立强力稀土磁体供应链至关重要的美国公司列入黑名单。On Friday, Beijing took similar action against even more companies in Europe.周五，北京对欧洲更多公司采取了类似行动。China’s Ministry of Commerce announced that it had banned any further shipment to 14 companies in the European Union of “dual-use” materials or products — items that China describes as potentially having both military and civilian applications. As a result, the companies may struggle to buy many of the critical minerals they need to make products like rare-earth magnets and semiconductors, which are essential for cars, offshore wind turbines, robots, drones and other advanced manufacturing applications.中国商务部宣布，已禁止向14家欧盟公司进一步运送“两用”材料或产品——中国将这些物品描述为具有潜在的军事和民用双重用途。受此影响，这些公司可能难以采购制造稀土磁体和半导体等产品所需的许多关键矿物，而这些产品对于汽车、海上风力涡轮机、机器人、无人机和其他先进制造应用来说是必不可少的。Over the past 16 months, China has used its dominance over the mining and processing of rare earths as leverage in economic disputes with trading partners.在过去的16个月里，中国利用其在稀土开采和加工方面的主导地位作为与贸易伙伴在经济争端中的筹码。In a statement on Friday, the Commerce Ministry noted that it had acted one day after the European Union imposed sanctions on 14 companies in mainland China and Hong Kong in connection with Russia’s war effort in Ukraine. The European Union said these companies, along with 24 Russian companies and 10 firms elsewhere, were “entities that are part of or support Russia’s military-industrial complex or enable the circumvention of E.U. sanctions.”在周五的声明中，中国商务部指出，采取此项行动的前一日，欧盟刚刚对中国大陆和香港的14家公司实施了与俄罗斯在乌克兰战争相关的制裁。欧盟表示，这些公司连同24家俄罗斯公司和10家其他地区的企业都是“属于或支持俄罗斯军工复合体，或为规避欧盟制裁提供便利的实体”。Many of the European companies targeted by China play a crucial role in turning rare-earth metals and other critical minerals, like antimony and tungsten, into alloys and specialty chemicals that manufacturers need.许多被中国列入目标名单的欧洲公司在将稀土金属和锑、钨等关键矿物转化为制造商所需的合金和特种化学品方面发挥着至关重要的作用。Also on China’s list was Germany’s largest defense contractor, Rheinmetall, which has been central to Germany’s effort to rearm after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Military hardware uses a lot of superhard tungsten and some rare earths.中国的名单上还包括德国最大的国防承包商莱茵金属公司，2022年俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰后，该公司对德国寻求重新武装的努力起到了核心作用。军事设备需使用大量的超硬钨和部分稀土。Critical minerals have received growing attention in the West, especially since China imposed export restrictions in late 2024 on four critical but obscure minerals: tungsten, antimony, gallium and germanium. China then put export restrictions in April last year on seven kinds of rare-earth metals that are crucial to a very wide range of manufacturing, and has announced plans to impose restrictions in November on five more kinds of rare-earth metals.关键矿产在西方受到的关注日益增加，尤其是自中国在2024年底对钨、锑、镓和锗这四种关键但鲜为人知的矿物实施出口限制以来。中国又在去年4月对广泛制造业至关重要的七种稀土金属实施了出口限制，并宣布计划在11月对另外五种稀土金属实施限制。The Trump administration and the European Union are each trying to build mines for critical minerals and construct refineries that can turn ore into pure mineral powders and eventually into strong metal alloys. The production process is complex and can be dirty: Converting the powders into metals involves sometimes toxic chemicals.特朗普政府和欧盟都在努力建设关键矿物矿山，并建造能够将矿石转化为纯矿物粉末、最终转化为坚固金属合金的精炼厂。生产过程很复杂，而且可能产生污染：将粉末转化为金属有时涉及有毒化学物质。Almost all of the world’s capacity for rare-earth-metal conversion and alloy making is in China. Many of the European companies targeted by China on Friday are small and medium-size enterprises that hold what little expertise remains outside China for the advanced processing of critical minerals.全球几乎所有的稀土金属转化和合金制造产能都在中国。周五被中国针对的许多欧洲公司都是中小型企业，它们掌握着中国以外仅存的关键矿物高级加工专业知识。One of the companies on China’s list is Germany’s Sindlhauser Materials. Sindlhauser’s website says it makes yttrium alloys with zircon. Yttrium and samarium have been the two kinds of rare earths in shortest supply outside China after Beijing imposed export controls, with prices rising as much as a hundredfold.德国的辛德豪瑟材料公司是被列在中国名单上的公司之一。该公司网站显示，它能制造含锆的钇合金。在北京实施出口管制后，钇和钐成为中国以外供应最短缺的两种稀土，价格最高曾上涨百倍。Yttrium alloys with zircon are used in making advanced semiconductors. Makers of semiconductor manufacturing equipment have been complaining for months about acute shortages of yttrium compounds.含锆的钇合金被用于制造先进半导体。几个月来，半导体制造设备的制造商一直在抱怨钇化合物的严重短缺。Sindlhauser declined to comment on China’s action.辛德豪瑟拒绝就中国的行动置评。Another company restricted by China was one of Europe’s premier manufacturers of custom-designed electric motors with powerful rare-earth magnets inside, Italy’s Lafert Group. Lafert’s motors power many of the robots and other industrial automation in Europe’s factories.另一家受中国限制的公司是欧洲首屈一指的定制电机制造商——意大利的拉法特集团，其产品内部装有强力稀土磁体。拉法特的电机为欧洲工厂中的许多机器人和其他工业自动化设备提供动力。Beijing has been encouraging multinationals to move more of their supply chains into China, including buying electric motors from Chinese companies. While Beijing has severely restricted exports of rare earths and rare-earth magnets, it has allowed unrestricted exports of fully assembled electric motors with the rare-earth magnets already inside.北京一直鼓励跨国公司将其更多供应链转移到中国，包括向中国公司购买电机。虽然北京严格限制了稀土和稀土磁体的出口，但却允许无限制地出口内部已装有稀土磁体的完整组装电机。Rheinmetall and Lafert did not immediately respond to requests for comment.莱茵金属和拉法特没有立即回应置评请求。The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China has previously criticized the very broad dual-use designations on many critical minerals like those that China cited to restrict sales to the 14 European companies on Friday.中国欧盟商会此前曾批评，许多关键矿产的“两用”认定范围过于宽泛，例如中国上周五援引的、用于限制向14家欧洲公司销售的那些矿产。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。