The 2026 FIFA World Cup is the largest sporting event ever staged, being hosted in 16 cities across three countries. The event revenue is projected to reach $10.9 bn, and from a cybersecurity standpoint, this makes for an unprecedented attack surface that threat actors are desperate to get their hands on.What makes the 2026 World Cup genuinely different from recent sporting events isn't only the scale but the geopolitical context it is happening in. The recent U.S.-Israel-Iran conflict has fundamentally reordered what a US-hosted mega-event means for threat actors based in the Middle East. Against the backdrop of the ongoing NATO conversations with Russia, with all three host nations being either members or close allies of NATO, it means Russian affiliated adversaries will be keeping a close eye out for an opportunity too. Overall, this means that the tournament is taking place inside an environment where state-backed adversaries are already actively operating. As the world looks on with eager eyes, the tournament is defined by three primary threats looming over it: state-backed espionage, infrastructure disruption, and large-scale consumer fraud. Understanding how these risks might manifest is critical for organizers, local authorities, and visitors alike.The Iranian groups to watch out forThe group immediately relevant is Handala Hack Team, which has been assessed by the FBI and threat intelligence firms to be a front for Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and Security. This year alone, the group wiped systems across Stryker, a Fortune 500 medical technology company, and breached the personal email of the current FBI director. This is not a group testing waters; they've demonstrated the capability by repeatedly breaching high-value targets.But of even deeper concern for the World Cup is the Iranian group CyberAv3ngers. The group has a proven track record of targeting industrial control systems at US water, energy, and municipal facilities. Each match is being run on a layered, ring-based tournament network grafted onto a permanent stadium environment. These networks depend on a temporary commercial supplier ecosystem and pull on host-city public services that FIFA does not own. And this IT infrastructure isn't all hardened. It is instead managed by often under-resourced local authorities with legacy systems and, in many cases, remote access tools that were never designed for the threat environment today. Russia's playbookRussia has been running cyber interference in global sport for years. At the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics in 2018, a wiper attack took down Wi-Fi during the opening ceremony, killed ticketing systems and grounded broadcast drones. It took twelve hours to restore operations. It was not financially motivated - the goal was to cause chaos at a moment of maximum visibility.That instinct hasn't changed, but the technique has. Groups aligned with Russia have conducted thousands of DDoS attacks against NATO member states and infrastructure since 2022, with surges timed to politically symbolic moments. And they are not just doing website takedowns but targeting the kind of operational remote-access services that run physical infrastructures. The threat to public safety and why it matters at scaleFraud during massive public events has always been of utmost concern and remains so.During the Qatar World Cup in 2022, more than 16,000 fraudulent domains appeared, fan accounts were compromised, and fake apps and social profiles proliferated across app stores and social media. When millions of fans are navigating unfamiliar transit systems and scanning QR codes for everything from parking to shuttle passes, there is a great opportunity for attackers to cause chaos and threaten stability. The MGM Resorts breach a few years ago showed how quickly a well-executed social engineering campaign can collapse a major hotel operator's guest-facing systems, from reservations, digital keys, and POS going down simultaneously. The same scenario run across multiple host-city hospitality sectors and transit networks during the World Cup presents a shiny, vast attack surface that has reputational and operational damage extending well beyond financial motive.The historical record of securing such large-scale events is actually encouraging, and shows how serious and sustained preparation is key. Paris Summer Olympics faced more than 140 documented cyber events, including 22 confirmed intrusions and a ransomware attack on the Grand Palais venue, but none of it reached the field of play. That outcome required years of coordinated preparation between ANSSI (National Cybersecurity Agency of France), government agencies, and private industry.While the 2026 World Cup happens on the ground, the infrastructure that promises to run it seamlessly for one of the biggest sporting experiences will be under threat. The single most important defense posture is to assume the attacks will come. As seen during the Paris Olympics, sustained preparation works. However, success will depend on a coordinated security stance that prioritizes the resilience of both digital and physical systems. Simple measures like treating the IT help desk as the first line of defense, using VPNs when on public networks, and buying tickets only on the official platforms can go a long way in preventing phishing and fraud risks. It is worth noting that the window to do it properly is limited, and the adversaries already have their eyes peeled for an opportunity.Protect yourself with the best antivirus software.This article was produced as part of TechRadar Pro Perspectives, our channel to feature the best and brightest minds in the technology industry today.The views expressed here are those of the author and are not necessarily those of TechRadarPro or Future plc. If you are interested in contributing find out more here: https://www.techradar.com/pro/perspectives-how-to-submit