JASON HOROWITZ2026年10月29日西班牙费罗尔港的船只，摄于2020年。这座城市正因热情欢迎中国企业进入西班牙乃至西欧市场而受到关注。 Daniel Rodrigues for The New York TimesThe port town of Ferrol has long been synonymous with Spanish national defense.费罗尔这座港口城市长期以来一直是西班牙国防的代名词。After the Spanish Navy built its arsenal and shipyards in Ferrol’s almost impregnable harbor in the 18th century, the city boomed. Naval engineers built elegant streets lined with glass balconies that became the envy of northwestern Spain, and more than a century later, Spain’s future dictator, Francisco Franco, the son of a naval officer, was born there.18世纪，西班牙海军在费罗尔几乎固若金汤的港湾中兴建军械基地和造船厂，带动了这座城市的繁荣发展。海军工程师修建了雅致的街道，两旁的建筑装饰着玻璃阳台，令西班牙西北部其他城市艳羡不已。一个多世纪后，西班牙后来的独裁者弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥——一位海军军官的儿子——就出生在这里。Now the city, long since marred by industrial decay, unemployment and declining population, is becoming known for its warm welcome of Chinese industry into Spain and Western Europe.如今，这座长期饱受工业衰败、失业和人口减少困扰的城市正因热情欢迎中国企业进入西班牙和西欧而受到关注。In June SAIC Motor, one of China’s largest electronic vehicle manufacturers, chose a sleepy port just outside Ferrol as the site for a major plant. The project, which is expected to provide more than 1,000 jobs, has prompted widespread celebration across Ferrol.今年6月，中国最大的电动汽车制造商之一上汽集团选择费罗尔郊外一个沉寂的港口作为一座大型工厂的厂址。该项目预计将提供1000多个就业岗位，在费罗尔受到广泛欢迎。That reflects a broader national consensus — even amid a rancorous election campaign in which politicians are sparring over other issues — over the need for Chinese investment.这反映出西班牙国内对于引进中国投资必要性的广泛共识。即便目前正值一场竞争激烈的选举，各派政客在其他议题上争论不休，但在这一点上却少有争议。The left-wing government of Pedro Sánchez is expected to sign off on the deal before the election on Nov. 29. If it doesn’t, a new conservative government is expected to. Either way, Ferrol will become the latest Spanish city to bet its economic future on hosting Chinese companies compatible with the country’s emphasis on green technology. Chinese battery makers, solar panel producers and other renewable energy companies are sprouting across Spain, where Chinese electric vehicle investments have grown faster over the past year than anywhere else in Europe.预计佩德罗·桑切斯领导的左翼政府将在11月29日大选前批准这笔投资。如果未能获批，预计新上台的保守派政府也会予以放行。无论如何，费罗尔都将成为又一座把经济未来押在中国企业身上的西班牙城市。这些中国企业的业务与西班牙重视绿色技术的发展方向相契合。中国电池制造商、太阳能电池板生产商和其他可再生能源企业正在西班牙各地涌现。过去一年，中国在西班牙的电动汽车投资增速快于其在欧洲其他国家的投资增速。The proposed plant in Ferrol embodies the trade-off between short-term economic opportunity and long-term risk that these Chinese investments present to Europe.费罗尔拟建的这座工厂体现了中国投资给欧洲带来的短期经济机遇与长期风险之间的权衡。This summer, the Spanish news media reported that Spain’s security services were concerned that China might use the plant for espionage. The defense minister declined to comment on the reports, and the regional government quickly dismissed them as inaccurate.今年夏天，西班牙媒体报道称，西班牙安全部门担心中国可能利用这座工厂从事间谍活动。西班牙国防大臣拒绝就报道置评，而地方政府则迅速否认了报道的准确性。What has lingered are deep questions about whether the increased Chinese presence, especially in one of Spain’s military heartlands, will eventually make Spain too reliant on Chinese supply chains, materials and technology, and make local Spanish firms more vulnerable to Chinese competition.然而，一些深层次的问题始终挥之不去：随着中国在西班牙的存在不断扩大，尤其是深入到西班牙的军事重镇，西班牙最终是否会过度依赖中国的供应链、原材料和技术？西班牙本土企业是否会因此在与中国企业的竞争中变得更加脆弱？西班牙费罗尔的纳万蒂亚港。Those concerns have led leaders in other major European powers, like Germany, to make it harder for Chinese firms to set up shop on their soil.这些担忧已促使德国等欧洲主要大国的领导人提高中国企业在其境内设厂的门槛。“The question is,” said Rafael Dezcallar, until recently Spain’s ambassador to China, “what price are we willing to pay to have these advantageous relations with China?”西班牙前驻华大使拉斐尔·德斯卡利亚尔说，“问题在于，为了与中国维持这种互利关系，我们愿意付出多大的代价？”In Ferrol, a town of about 65,000, residents struggle to see a downside. They see the plant as a golden opportunity for rebirth after decades in which the Spanish Navy deployed some of its fleet further south, Asian competition eroded the shipbuilding industry, causing jobs to disappear and the population to crater.在拥有约6.5万人口的费罗尔，居民们却很难看到这笔投资有什么坏处。在他们看来，这座工厂是城市重获新生的黄金机遇。过去几十年，西班牙海军将部分舰队部署到更靠南的地区，亚洲企业的竞争又不断侵蚀当地造船业，导致就业岗位流失、人口锐减。“So, the plant is from China. What’s the difference?” said Rosi Vásquez, 68, as she carried groceries past one of the dozens of shuttered shops in town. “It would mean work for everyone.”“就算是中国企业来建厂，那又怎么样？”68岁的罗西·巴斯克斯提着刚买的食品杂货，走过城里一家关门歇业的商店时说。当地像这样的商店有数十家之多。“这能给大家带来工作机会。”The investment promised “a radical shift regarding the nature of the city,” according to Alfredo Martín García, a historian at the University of León who has studied Ferrol, his hometown. “It changes the historical dynamic Ferrol has had over the last 300 years.”莱昂大学研究费罗尔的历史学家、费罗尔本地人阿尔弗雷多·马丁·加西亚说，这项投资意味着“这座城市的性质将发生根本性转变”。“它将改变费罗尔过去300年来的历史发展轨迹，”他说。Supporters also say the plant would give a lifeline to the Spanish car industry.支持者还表示，这座工厂将为西班牙汽车工业带来一线生机。Spain doesn’t have its own competitive flagship brand, but it does produce gas-powered cars for other country’s automakers, traditionally those from Europe and America. That business accounts for 10 percent of the country’s G.D.P. — almost as much as tourism does — and Spain exports the most cars in Europe after Germany.西班牙没有具有竞争力的本土旗舰汽车品牌，但长期以来一直为其他国家的汽车制造商生产燃油汽车，传统上是来自欧洲和美国的品牌。汽车产业占西班牙国内生产总值的10%，几乎与旅游业相当。西班牙也是仅次于德国的欧洲第二大汽车出口国。Facing the potential loss of that industry to electronic vehicles, Spanish officials are hoping the Chinese factories will provide Spanish workers with the technological know-how to become essential to the Continent’s new green production chains.面对该行业可能被电动汽车取代的风险，西班牙官员希望中国企业在当地设厂能够让西班牙工人掌握相关技术知识，使他们成为欧洲新兴绿色制造产业链不可或缺的一环。But some worry that China will keep key parts of the tech secret from the workers. That would extend a power disparity between China and Spain, which is already experiencing a historically high trade imbalance with China that has doubled over the last six years. Many fear Ferrol will be used merely as an assembly plant, or warehouse for cars, to get around high tariffs on Chinese imports to Europe.但也有人担心，中国企业会对工人保密关键技术。这将进一步扩大中国与西班牙之间的实力差距。目前，西班牙对华贸易逆差已达到历史高位，而且过去六年翻了一番。许多人担心，费罗尔最终只会沦为中国汽车的组装基地或汽车仓库，帮助中国企业绕过欧洲对中国进口产品征收的高额关税。Mr. Dezcallar said that when government officials have asked him about the SAIC plant in Ferrol, “I insist this has to involve a transfer of technology,” because Spain could not allow itself to just house Chinese assembly plants.德斯卡利亚尔说，当政府官员向他询问上汽在费罗尔的工厂时，“我坚持这必须涉及技术转让”，因为西班牙不能允许自己仅仅成为中国企业的组装基地。He argued that unlike Hungary, which has long been one of China’s preferred ports of call in Europe, Spain was in line with the goals and interests of the European Union, willing to call out its unfair trade imbalances and human rights violations. He also said that Spain was hardly an outlier given that muchof Europe was “fighting for the same thing,” an energy shot of Chinese investment.他认为，与长期是中国在欧洲首选落脚点之一的匈牙利不同，西班牙与欧盟的目标和利益保持一致，愿意公开批评中国不公平的贸易失衡和侵犯人权的行为。他还指出，西班牙并非特例，因为欧洲许多国家都在“争取同样的东西”，即通过中国投资为经济注入活力。While the Ferrol project enjoys support across the political spectrum, some have questioned if Mr. Sánchez has gotten too cozy with China.尽管费罗尔项目获得了西班牙各政治派别的支持，但一些人质疑桑切斯是否与中国走得过近。The prime minister has gone to Beijing four times in four years and boasted in April that “we have raised political dialogue with China to its highest level in fifty-three years.”这位首相四年内四次前往北京，并在今年4月自豪地宣称：“我们已将与中国的政治对话提升到53年来的最高水平。”今年4月，西班牙首相佩德罗·桑切斯参观北京小米总部。Mr. Dezcallar, who has briefed Mr. Sánchez about China, said the prime minister — who has been a leading global critic of Mr. Trump’s strikes on Iran and his immigration policy — had not turned to Beijing as a replacement for Washington.曾向桑切斯介绍中国情况的德斯卡利亚尔表示，这位首相——一直是国际上批评特朗普对伊朗发动打击行动及其移民政策的主要声音之一——并没有把北京当作华盛顿的替代选项。There was “for now,” Mr. Dezcallar said, no alternative to the United States, though “our fundamental values are being put into question by some American policies.”德斯卡利亚尔说，“目前”还没有任何国家能够替代美国，尽管“美国的一些政策正在对我们的基本价值观提出挑战”。But some deals have caused concern in Washington.不过，一些交易已经引起华盛顿的担忧。In 2025, the U.S. House and Senate intelligence committees called for a review of classified information-sharing agreements with Spain after Madrid contracted China’s telecom giant, Huawei, considered a security risk by Washington, to digitally classify and store communications intercepted by the police. The left-wing Spanish government has insisted that the system posed no risk of China scraping the information, which pertained to judicial, rather than counterintelligence investigations.2025年，美国众议院和参议院的情报委员会呼吁审查与西班牙的机密情报共享协议，此前马德里与中国电信巨头华为签约，由华为对警方截获的通信进行数字分类和存储。华盛顿认为华为构成安全风险。西班牙左翼政府坚称，该系统不存在中国搜集这些信息的风险，这些信息涉及司法调查而非反间谍调查。Not everyone is assured.但并非所有人都感到放心。“Where on earth do you have China getting access to the tapes of important police records?” asked Fidel Sendagorta, a former senior foreign ministry official under Mr. Sánchez. He said the contract was “very symbolic of how much the Spanish government was willing to give to China to get something back. And what is this something back?” he asked.“世界上还有哪个地方会让中国接触到重要的警方录音记录？”曾在桑切斯政府担任外交部高级官员的菲德尔·森达戈塔问道。他说，这份合同“极具象征意义，表明西班牙政府为了从中国获得某些回报，愿意向中国作出多大让步。而这是什么回报？”他问道。In August, a leading left-of-center daily, El País, reported that the defense ministry had raised concerns that Chinese intelligence services might use the Ferrol plant to spy on Spanish naval bases that house ships containing American-made missile interception systems.今年8月，西班牙主要中左翼日报《国家报》报道称，国防部曾提出担忧，认为中国情报部门可能利用费罗尔工厂监视西班牙海军基地，这些基地驻扎着配备了美国制造导弹拦截系统的军舰。西班牙加利西亚自治区保守派领导人阿方索·鲁埃达。Alfonso Rueda, the conservative leader of the surrounding Galicia region, complained that the defense ministry surprised him with “these pronouncements” and his office later said in a statement that the defense ministry informed them that its report on the car factory “will be favorable.” The defense ministry and a representative for SAIC declined to comment.费罗尔所在的加利西亚自治区保守派领导人阿方索·鲁埃达抱怨，国防部的“这些表态”让他感到意外。随后，他的办公室发表声明称，国防部已通知他们，对这座汽车工厂的评估报告“将是正面的”。西班牙国防部以及上汽集团的一名代表均拒绝置评。Locals, including Ferrol’s mayor, suggested jealous neighboring port towns planted the story, and few expressed concern.包括费罗尔市长在内的当地人士暗示，这篇报道可能是眼红费罗尔的周边港口城市向媒体放出的风声，当地几乎没人对此感到担忧。As Father Pedro Rodríguez Paz, 77, left the town’s main church near a docked battleship, he welcomed the plant as a chance to return to a “golden era” full of workers and “new buildings and more baptisms.”77岁的佩德罗·罗德里格斯·帕斯神父走出市内主要的教堂时，对这座工厂表示欢迎。教堂附近停泊着一艘军舰。他希望工厂能帮助费罗尔重返昔日的“黄金时代”，再现工人云集、“新建筑增多、洗礼增多”的景象。Similarly optimistic messages reverberated around the city’s naval museums, its guarded arsenal, octopus restaurants and on the blighted streets around Franco’s birthplace.类似的乐观言论回荡在整座城市，从海军博物馆、戒备森严的军械基地、供应章鱼料理的餐馆，到佛朗哥出生地点周围破败的街道，随处可闻。“The important thing is the work and money. It’s a question of a rescue,” María José Valle Leivas, 43, said in her bookstore. “Everyone here wants it.”“重要的是工作和钱。这关系到拯救我们的城市，”43岁的玛丽亚·何塞·巴列·莱瓦斯在她的书店里说。“这里的每个人都希望这座工厂落户。”Jason Horowitz是《纽约时报》马德里分社社长，报道西班牙、葡萄牙以及欧洲各地人们的生活方式。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。