ADAM SATARIANO, XINYUN WU2026年11月3日 Ulet Ifansasti for The New York TimesAcross a stretch of southern Malaysia once carpeted with palm-oil and pineapple plantations, signs of China’s global technology ambitions are taking shape.在马来西亚南部一片曾遍布棕榈和菠萝种植园的地带，中国全球科技野心的迹象正在显现。More than 15 cranes tower over 100 acres of excavated earth, where DayOne, a company with corporate roots in one of China’s biggest data center operators, is building a sprawling complex. A short drive away, at the edge of dense tropical forest, hundreds of workers are completing another facility expected to serve Chinese tech companies.超过15台起重机矗立在约40公顷已开挖土地上，DayOne正在这里建造一座庞大的综合设施，这家公司的企业渊源可追溯至中国最大的数据中心运营商之一。不远处的茂密热带森林边缘，数百名工人正在完成另一座预计服务于中国科技公司的设施。Inside these data centers will be some of the world’s most advanced artificial intelligence chips. The semiconductors, made by Nvidia, are largely banned from shipment to China under American export controls. Yet those restrictions generally do not prevent Chinese companies like ByteDance — DayOne’s biggest customer — from gaining access to the same chips in data centers outside China.这些数据中心内将部署一些全球最先进的人工智能芯片。根据美国出口管制，这些由英伟达制造的半导体基本被禁止运往中国。但这些限制通常无法阻止像字节跳动这样的中国公司从中国境外的数据中心获取同样的芯片，字节跳动是DayOne最大的客户。That distinction has helped turn Malaysia, a country of 35 million people, into an unlikely frontier of the A.I. boom. Drawn by cheap land and electricity, and proximity to undersea cables that carry internet traffic to China and the rest of the world, technology companies are pouring billions of dollars into the country.正是这种政策差异推动马来西亚——一个3500万人口的国家——成为了人工智能热潮中一个出人意料的前沿地带。受廉价土地和电力、以及靠近通往中国和世界其他地区的海底互联网电缆所吸引，科技公司正向该国投入数十亿美元。Malaysia has carved out an uncommon position in an A.I. industry increasingly divided along geopolitical lines between China and the United States. Rather than choosing sides, it has welcomed both.人工智能产业正日益沿地缘政治路线在中美之间分化，而马来西亚在其中占据了一个不寻常的位置：它没有选边站，而是对双方都敞开大门。The frenzy has reshaped Malaysia’s economy and landscape, raised fears about strains on electricity and water supplies, and drawn scrutiny from American officials concerned about Chinese access to advanced A.I. chips.这股热潮重塑了马来西亚的经济与地貌，引发了对电力和水资源供应紧张的担忧，也引起了美国官员的审视——他们担心中国获取先进人工智能芯片。Nowhere is that transformation more striking than in Johor, the southern state at the center of the building boom. Across the state, 65 data center projects are operational, under construction or in various stages of planning and approval.转变在柔佛最为显著——这个位于马来西亚南部的州属正处于建设热潮的中心。全州有65个数据中心项目正在运营、建设或处于不同的规划和审批阶段。位于马来西亚柔佛州努沙再也科技园内的DayOne数据中心。The facilities already consume more than two gigawatts of electricity, enough to power more than one-third of Malaysian homes. If all planned projects are completed, demand could exceed 10 gigawatts, according to Invest Johor, a state agency, making it one of the world’s largest concentrations of computing power. Chinese and Western tech companies are expected to account for roughly equal shares of that capacity.这些设施已消耗超过2吉瓦电力，足以供应超过三分之一的马来西亚家庭。据州属机构“投资柔佛”称，若所有规划项目完工，需求可能超过10吉瓦，使其成为全球最大的算力集中地之一。预计中国和西方科技公司将各占约一半的容量。“This is really mind-boggling and beyond imagination,” said Steven Tan, chief executive of Pro3c, a Taiwanese company that makes optical parts for Nvidia chips. “Everyone is coming here.”“这真的令人难以置信，超乎想象，”为英伟达芯片制造光学部件的台湾公司Pro3c首席执行官陈添顺(Steven Tan)说，“所有人都来这里。”American technology giants, including Microsoft, Google and Oracle, are investing heavily in Malaysia to be closer to Asian customers. At the same time, the country has become an offshore computing hub for Chinese companies like ByteDance, Tencent and Alibaba. In some of Johor’s industrial parks, infrastructure serving American and Chinese companies is being built almost side by side.包括微软、谷歌和甲骨文在内的美国科技巨头正在马来西亚大举投资，以更接近亚洲客户。与此同时，马来西亚已成为字节跳动、腾讯和阿里巴巴等中国公司的离岸计算枢纽。在柔佛的一些工业园区，服务美国公司和中国公司的基础设施几乎并排建设。“This is the only place in the world at the moment where we are seeing this,” said Lee Ting Han, a Johor government official involved in data center approvals. “What makes Malaysia so special for this A.I. wave at the moment is our nonaligned neutral status.”“这是目前世界上我们唯一看到这种情况的地方，”参与数据中心审批的柔佛州政府官员李廷汉说，“当前马来西亚在这波人工智能浪潮中如此特别，就在于我们的不结盟中立地位。”马来西亚政治人物、律师李廷汉表示，中立地位令该国显得与众不同。The China Boom中国热潮Malaysia’s boom began around 2021. After neighboring Singapore banned new data center construction because of electricity constraints, companies soon began moving across the border.马来西亚的这轮繁荣大约始于2021年。邻国新加坡因电力局限禁止新建数据中心后，企业很快开始迁往边境另一侧。Gary Goh, who runs a Malaysian data center consulting firm, recalled searching Johor for land near transmission lines to get access to the electricity they needed. “There’s ‘K-pop Demon Hunters’ — I’m the transmission line hunter,” he said.经营一家马来西亚数据中心咨询公司的加里·吴(Gary Goh)回忆，他当时在柔佛寻找靠近输电线路的土地，以获得所需的电力。“有个‘K-Pop猎魔女团’——我就是那个输电线路猎人，”他说。Chinese companies arrived first, including what would become DayOne. Originally an international subsidiary of GDS Holdings, one of China’s largest data center developers, it announced its first Johor facility in 2021 to help Chinese customers expand overseas.中国公司最先抵达，其中包括后来成为DayOne的企业。它最初是中国最大数据中心开发商之一万国数据控股的国际子公司，于2021年宣布在柔佛的首个设施，以帮助中国客户向海外扩张。Renamed DayOne in 2025, it has become one of Malaysia’s largest data center developers. At one Johor site, DayOne bought an 18-hole golf course for a new facility.该公司于2025年更名为DayOne，现已成为马来西亚最大的数据中心开发商之一。在柔佛的一个选址，DayOne买下了一座18洞高尔夫球场用于新设施。Its expansion coincided with growing tensions between Washington and Beijing. In 2022, the U.S. government imposed export controls that prevented Nvidia from selling its most advanced chips directly to China, seeking to slow its A.I. development.其扩张恰逢华盛顿与北京之间紧张关系加剧。2022年，美国政府实施出口管制，阻止英伟达直接向中国出售其最先进的芯片，试图减缓中国的人工智能发展。DayOne, which has headquarters in Singapore, illustrates how Chinese firms have maintained a foothold in the A.I. data center boom despite American restrictions. It has raised billions from international investors, including the American investment firm Coatue Management and Japan’s SoftBank, and recently announced plans for an initial public offering.总部位于新加坡的DayOne展示了中国公司如何在美国限制之下仍在人工智能数据中心热潮中保住立足点。它已从国际投资者处筹集数十亿美元，包括美国投资公司高都(Coatue Management)和日本软银，并于近期宣布了首次公开募股计划。DayOne的企业渊源可追溯至中国最大的数据中心运营商之一。该公司正在马来西亚努沙再也科技园建造一座数据中心综合体。Yet DayOne maintains strong ties to China’s tech industry. GDS remains a major investor, alongside Hillhouse Investment, a Singapore-based firm founded by the Chinese billionaire Zhang Lei. Jamie Khoo, GDS’s former chief operating officer, now leads DayOne, and William Huang, GDS’s chairman, sits on its board.但DayOne与中国科技产业保持着牢固联系。万国数据仍是主要投资者，与中国亿万富翁张磊创立、总部位于新加坡的高瓴创投并列。万国数据前首席运营官杰米·邱(Jamie Khoo)现在执掌DayOne，万国数据董事长黄伟在其董事会任职。ByteDance, TikTok’s parent company in China, is DayOne’s biggest customer, according to analysts. In a recent securities filing, DayOne said an unnamed customer operating a “leading short-form video” service accounted for nearly 70 percent of its revenue in the first half of 2026.分析师称，TikTok的中国母公司字节跳动是DayOne最大的客户。在最近的一份证券文件中，DayOne表示，一家运营“领先短视频”服务的未具名客户占其2026年上半年收入的近70%。ByteDance did not respond to a request for comment.字节跳动未回应置评请求。In April, DayOne joined Nvidia’s data center partner network, which helps develop facilities for handling the most advanced A.I. computing gear.今年4月，DayOne加入了英伟达的数据中心合作伙伴网络，该网络帮助开发处理最先进人工智能计算设备的设施。Nvidia said remote access to computing capacity hosted abroad is consistent with American export controls because the chips remain outside restricted countries. The business “promotes U.S. national security and brings tens of billions of dollars and high-paying jobs home,” the company said in a statement.英伟达表示，远程访问托管在国外的算力符合美国出口管制，因为芯片仍位于受限国家之外。该公司在一份声明中表示，这项业务“促进了美国国家安全，并将数百亿美元和高薪工作带回国内”。The American Bans美国禁令American officials have taken notice of Southeast Asia’s role as a hub for offshore data centers.美国官员已注意到东南亚作为离岸数据中心枢纽的角色。中国数据中心公司ZDATA正在马来西亚柔佛州建造一座庞大的数据中心。A report circulated within U.S. government agencies identified direct or indirect Chinese ownership in 38 of 128 data center projects across Southeast Asia. It estimated that the computing power available to Chinese companies through Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and Singapore was nearly as substantial as that from all of mainland China, where U.S. export restrictions have held back development. The report was shared with The New York Times.一份在美国政府机构内部流传的报告认定，东南亚128个数据中心项目中有38个存在直接或间接的中国所有权。报告估计，中国企业通过马来西亚、泰国、越南、印度尼西亚和新加坡可获得的算力，几乎与受制于美国出口限制的中国大陆全部算力相当。该报告被分享给了《纽约时报》。In July, Michael Kratsios, a White House adviser involved in A.I. policy, accused the Chinese company Moonshot of using high-end chips in Thai data centers to train its models.7月，参与人工智能政策的白宫顾问迈克尔·克拉齐奥斯指责中国公司月之暗面利用泰国数据中心的高端芯片训练其模型。Jimmy Goodrich, a former semiconductor industry executive and now a researcher at the University of California, San Diego, said U.S. export controls failed to adequately address Chinese companies’ use of chips through overseas data centers. Enforcement has instead focused on chip smuggling through Southeast Asia.前半导体行业高管、现加州大学圣迭戈分校研究员吉米·古德里奇表示，美国出口管制未能充分解决中国公司通过海外数据中心使用芯片的问题。执法一直侧重于通过东南亚的芯片走私。“None of this is illegal,” he said. “It’s a gaping hole in export controls that nobody has fixed. These loopholes give China access to massive computing power and room to catch up in the A.I. race.”“这一切都不违法，”他说，“这是出口管制中一个巨大的漏洞，没有人去修补。这些漏洞让中国获得了大规模算力，并在人工智能竞赛中有了追赶空间。”This week, The Times reported that an executive for Megaspeed, a Singapore-based data center company operating in Malaysia, was under investigation for steering advanced Nvidia A.I. chips to China, and could be a Chinese intelligence asset.本周，《纽约时报》报道称，在马来西亚运营的新加坡数据中心公司Megaspeed的一名高管因涉嫌将先进的英伟达人工智能芯片转至中国而接受调查，并可能是中国的情报资产。DayOne warned investors this month that new U.S. restrictions on remote access to A.I. computing power through countries like Malaysia could undercut demand and hurt its “financial condition.”DayOne本月警告投资者，美国对通过马来西亚等国远程访问人工智能算力的新限制可能削弱需求，并损害其“财务状况”。The Fallout后果Malaysian officials have begun questioning the pace of growth, with the government recently imposing what some officials described as a de facto moratorium on new data centers. Under the policy, only facilities with their own off-grid power sources and independent water supplies for cooling will be approved — a difficult threshold to meet.马来西亚官员已开始质疑增长步伐，政府最近实施了部分措施，一些官员称之为对新数据中心的事实上的暂停令。根据该政策，只有拥有自有离网电源和用于冷却的独立水源的设施才会获批——这是一个难以达到的门槛。由于许多居民投诉ZDATA数据中心施工产生灰尘，该公司提供了免费洗车服务。For now, dozens of approved projects are moving ahead.目前，数十个已批准的项目正在推进。Eric Yong, a real estate agent who shifted his focus to data center development in 2023 and regularly travels to China to meet clients, was asked whether geopolitical tensions complicated business.埃里克·杨(Eric Yong)是一名2023年将重心转向数据中心开发的房地产经纪人，他定期前往中国会见客户。他被问及地缘政治紧张是否给生意造成困难。Quite the opposite, he said. U.S.-Chinese tensions are driving business.他说，恰恰相反。美中紧张关系正在推动生意。“Only when it’s complicated do we have things to do,” he said.“只有事情复杂的时候，我们才有事可做，”他说。摄影：Ulet IfansastiZunaira Saieed自马来西亚对本文有报道贡献。Adam Satariano是纽约时报科技记者，常驻伦敦。Xinyun Wu是《纽约时报》记者/研究员，常驻台北，报道科技、台湾和中国新闻。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。