The headlines surrounding the SpaceX IPO seem mainly focused on how high the stock will go. There is a more important question stemming from the SpaceX IPO and other large deals that few seem to be asking: where will the money come from?SpaceX is targeting a $1.75-$2.00 trillion valuation and a capital raise of up to $75 billion. Anthropic, OpenAI, and Stripe are expected to follow in the coming months, bringing the total 2026 IPO capital raise to approximately $160 billion. As we share below, that is larger than the last four years of IPO issuance combined. Before the pandemic, the US IPO market raised roughly $30 billion a year.The capital for the IPOs primarily comes from institutional investors, retail investors, and foreign capital. In each case, something already owned gets sold to fund the new IPO purchase. The total dollars in the system do not disappear; they are spread more thinly across a larger number of holdings.The impact of these large IPOs will be more significant than usual because they will be included in the major indexes shortly after the IPOs. Passive funds are required to buy every index constituent in proportion to its weight.SpaceX, Anthropic, and OpenAI combined valuations could be nearly $4 trillion, which would represent a similar index weight as Apple, currently the second-largest holding in the S&P 500. Every dollar of IPO buying is a dollar of forced selling, and the index rule changes to speed up index inclusion for these IPOs mean this impact is coming sooner than most investors expect.Municipal MathWe have had a few questions about how to assess municipal bonds relative to US Treasury and corporate bonds. As with corporate and Treasury bonds, liquidity, credit quality, and yield are important considerations for municipal bond investors.Due to the sheer number of bond issues across thousands of municipal jurisdictions and their relatively small sizes, liquidity is often worse than that of US Treasury bonds and most corporate bonds. If you are buying and holding a municipal bond until it matures, that will not matter. But if you need to sell a municipal bond, you will receive a lower price than the bond is trading at. This bid/offer spread can vary widely depending on several factors.The major credit rating agencies rate most municipal bonds using the same alphabetical rating system as they do for all other bonds. Like with corporate bonds, the rating agencies can be slow to detect credit deterioration. Thus, we recommend comparing yields on similarly rated municipal bonds. The bond market often prices in potential credit issues before rating agencies do. Bear in mind that liquidity differences can also cause yield discrepancies between bonds with similar maturities.Yield is often the deciding factor for many bond buyers. Municipal yields are low because most municipal bonds are federally and state tax-exempt. To equate the yield on a municipal bond to a competing UST or corporate bond, you must divide the municipal bond yield by one minus your federal and state tax rates.The table below shows how a Maryland resident, assuming a 10% state income tax, might view a bond very differently from a Texas resident with no state income tax. Also shown in the table are competing corporate and UST, AA-rated five-year bonds. As it shows, yield spreads are very compressed for many municipal bonds.Tweet of the DayOriginal Post