Moderate magnitude 4.6 earthquake at 61 km depth16 Jul 01:15 UTC: First to report: PHIVOLCS after 12 minutes.16 Jul 01:21: Now using data updates from GFZUpdate Wed, 16 Jul 2025, 01:18Moderate magnitude 4.8 earthquake 30 km northeast of Laoag, PhilippinesThe Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported a magnitude 4.8 quake in the Philippines near Laoag, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos, only 15 minutes ago. The earthquake hit in the morning on Wednesday, July 16th, 2025, at 9:03 am local time at a shallow depth of 10. km. The exact magnitude, epicenter, and depth of the quake might be revised within the next few hours or minutes as seismologists review data and refine their calculations, or as other agencies issue their report.Based on the preliminary seismic data, the quake was probably felt by many people in the area of the epicenter. It should not have caused significant damage, other than objects falling from shelves, broken windows, etc.In Davila (pop. 3,500) located 12 km from the epicenter, Pasuquin (pop. 5,800) 15 km away, Pagudpud (pop. 4,900) 16 km away, and Bacarra (pop. 9,600) 23 km away, the quake should have been felt as light shaking.Weak shaking might have been felt in Laoag (pop. 102,100) located 30 km from the epicenter, San Nicolas (pop. 34,200) 32 km away, Batac City (pop. 55,500) 46 km away, and Sanchez-Mira (pop. 26,200) 59 km away.VolcanoDiscovery will automatically update magnitude and depth if these change and follow up if other significant news about the quake become available. If you're in the area, please send us your experience through our reporting mechanism, either online or via our mobile app. This will help us provide more first-hand updates to anyone around the globe who wants to know more about this quake.If you were or still are in this area during the quake help others with your feedback and report it here.Download the Volcanoes & Earthquakes app and get one of the fastest seismic alerts online: Android | iOSI didn't feel itI felt this quakeEarthquake detailsDate & timeJul 16, 2025 01:03:40 UTC - Local time at epicenterWednesday, Jul 16, 2025, at 09:03 am (GMT +8)StatusconfirmedMagnitude4.6Depth61 kmEpicenter latitude / longitude18.53°N / 120.74°EProvince of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos, PhilippinesSeismic antipode18.53°S / 59.26°WShaking intensityIII Weak shaking near epicenterFelt0 reportsPrimary data sourceGFZ (German Research Centre for Geosciences)Nearest volcanoCamiguin de Babuyanes (123 km / 76 mi)Weather at epicenter at time of quakeFew Clouds 29.3°C (85 F), humidity: 74%, wind: 3 m/s (6 kts) from SSWEstimated seismic energy released5 x 1011 joules (139 megawatt hours, equivalent to 120 tons of TNT) | equivalent to ONE quake of magnitude 4.6 | about seismic energy23 minutes ago reported feltJul 16, 2025 01:03 GMT / Jul 16, 2025 09:03 am (GMT +8)Lat / Lng: 18.53 / 120.74: Luzon, PhilippinesSource: GFZOther sources: PHIVOLCS: 4.8 / 10 km, RaspberryShake: 4.6 / 61 kmDetail info | Read user reports | You felt it? - Report it!';storedMarkers.push(['quake-21962123',18.53000,120.74000,'23 minutes ago: Mag. 4.6, Luzon, Philippines',html,'quakes-6-24.png',25,25,12,12,125]); function mkRep(id,notFelt){var nFelt=notFelt||false;var src="https://www.volcanoesandearthquakes.com/app/earthquake-report.php?quakeId="+id;if(nFelt==true){src+="¬Felt=true";}window.open(src,"","status=0,toolbar=0,location=0,directories=0,menubar=0,resizable=1,scrollbars=1,height=400,width=350");} function locationHashChanged(e){-1!=e.oldURL.indexOf("#popupMap")&&closePopup()} window.onhashchange = locationHashChanged; function comment(e){var t=e.parentNode,a=(t.dataset.id,document.getElementById("commentForm"));"none"==a.style.display?(t.appendChild(a),a.style.display="block"):a.style.display="none"}function sendComment(e){var t=e.parentNode,a=t.parentNode.dataset.id,n=document.getElementById("commentContent"),p=n.value.trim();if(p){var o="id="+a+"&quakeId="+thisQuakeId;o+="&comment="+decodeURIComponent(p),mkRequest("//reports.volcanodiscovery.com/app/eqReportComment.php","post",o,function(e){e.responseText;alert("Thank you for submitting your comment!"),t.style.display="none",n.value=""})}}function flagReport(e){var t=e.parentNode.dataset.id;if(confirm("Report this as inappropriate?")){var a="id="+t+"&quakeId="+thisQuakeId+"&flagAsInappropriate=1";mkRequest("//reports.volcanodiscovery.com/app/eqReportComment.php","post",a,function(t){var a=t.responseText;alert(a),e.style.display="none"})}}function likeReport(e){var t="id="+e.parentNode.dataset.id+"&quakeId="+thisQuakeId+"&like=1";mkRequest("//reports.volcanodiscovery.com/app/eqReportComment.php","post",t,function(t){t.responseText;e.style.opacity=.5})}]]>[smaller] [bigger]Most recent quakes Top 20 past 24 hrs Quakes in PhilippinesNearby placesThe closest larger town where the quake might have been felt is Laoag, a city with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the Philippines, in 40 km (25 mi) distance south of the epicenter. People likely experienced weak shaking there. Several smaller towns and villages are located closer to the epicenter and might have experienced stronger shaking. In the capital of the Philippines, Manila, 437 km (272 mi) away from the epicenter, the earthquake could not be felt.The following table shows some of the places that might have been affected (or not) by the shaking.DistancePlaceMax. shaking intensity(*)RegionCountry6 km (4 mi)NE of epicenterPagudpud(pop: 4,950)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines18 km (11 mi)E of epicenterAdams(pop: 2,190)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines18 km (11 mi)W of epicenterDavila(pop: 3,470)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines25 km (16 mi)SW of epicenterPasuquin(pop: 5,770)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines37 km (23 mi)E of epicenterClaveria(pop: 10,600)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines39 km (24 mi)S of epicenterCarasi(pop: 1,610)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines40 km (25 mi)S of epicenterLaoag(pop: 102,100)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines43 km (26 mi)S of epicenterSan Nicolas(pop: 34,200)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines48 km (30 mi)S of epicenterDingras(pop: 6,870)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines52 km (32 mi)E of epicenterSanchez-Mira(pop: 26,200)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines56 km (35 mi)S of epicenterBatac City(pop: 55,500)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines62 km (38 mi)S of epicenterEspiritu(pop: 3,570)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines64 km (40 mi)E of epicenterPamplona(pop: 2,130)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines71 km (44 mi)E of epicenterCalog Norte(pop: 2,960)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines73 km (45 mi)S of epicenterBadoc(pop: 4,320)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Norte, IlocosPhilippines74 km (46 mi)SE of epicenterKabugao(pop: 2,340)III: WeakApayao, Cordillera Administrative RegionPhilippines80 km (50 mi)SE of epicenterFlora(pop: 4,210)III: WeakApayao, Cordillera Administrative RegionPhilippines80 km (50 mi)E of epicenterCabaritan East(pop: 9,350)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines87 km (54 mi)S of epicenterCabugao(pop: 6,870)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Sur, IlocosPhilippines88 km (55 mi)E of epicenterBinalan(pop: 2,280)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines93 km (57 mi)E of epicenterAllacapan(pop: 3,650)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines95 km (59 mi)S of epicenterLa Paz(pop: 3,410)III: WeakProvince of Abra, Cordillera Administrative RegionPhilippines97 km (60 mi)E of epicenterAparri(pop: 33,200)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines98 km (61 mi)SE of epicenterNabannagan West(pop: 3,600)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines100 km (62 mi)S of epicenterMagsingal(pop: 4,570)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Sur, IlocosPhilippines103 km (64 mi)SE of epicenterConner(pop: 2,400)III: WeakApayao, Cordillera Administrative RegionPhilippines107 km (67 mi)SE of epicenterMagapit(pop: 11,200)III: WeakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines108 km (67 mi)S of epicenterLangiden(pop: 3,580)III: WeakProvince of Abra, Cordillera Administrative RegionPhilippines111 km (69 mi)S of epicenterBantay(pop: 10,100)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Sur, IlocosPhilippines113 km (70 mi)S of epicenterVigan(pop: 48,500)III: WeakProvince of Ilocos Sur, IlocosPhilippines123 km (76 mi)S of epicenterNagbukel(pop: 5,470)II: Very weakProvince of Ilocos Sur, IlocosPhilippines134 km (83 mi)S of epicenterPasil(pop: 10,100)II: Very weakKalinga, Cordillera Administrative RegionPhilippines140 km (87 mi)SE of epicenterSolana(pop: 71,500)II: Very weakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines140 km (87 mi)SE of epicenterTabuk(pop: 27,000)II: Very weakKalinga, Cordillera Administrative RegionPhilippines145 km (90 mi)SE of epicenterTuguegarao(pop: 166,300)II: Very weakProvince of Cagayan, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines152 km (94 mi)S of epicenterCandon(pop: 11,200)II: Very weakProvince of Ilocos Sur, IlocosPhilippines164 km (102 mi)SE of epicenterCabagan(pop: 25,300)II: Very weakProvince of Isabela, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines183 km (113 mi)SE of epicenterRoxas(pop: 16,600)II: Very weakProvince of Isabela, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines196 km (122 mi)SE of epicenterIlagan(pop: 72,400)II: Very weakProvince of Isabela, Cagayan ValleyPhilippines437 km (272 mi)S of epicenterManila(pop: 1,600,000)I: Not feltCapital, National Capital RegionPhilippinesNotes:(*) Shaking intensity according to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) and estimated using seismic models.User-reports for this quake (1)So far, we have received 1 report for this quake. This section is being updated as new data comes in.User reports estimate the perceived ground shaking intensity according to the MMI (Modified Mercalli Intensity) scale.TranslateMagsingal (801.2 km WNW of epicenter) [Map] / not feltWhat is Intensity and the Mercalli Intensity Scale?The amount of shaking that occurs on the surface due to an earthquake is called the intensity. It is commonly measured on the so-called Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) ranging from 1 (not felt) to 10 (extreme shaking), and given in Roman numerals as I,II,...IX, X, and often displayed with color codes ranging from light blue to dark red.Earthquake intensity depends mainly on the magnitude and depth of the quake as well as the distance from the epicenter: The further away, the less shaking intensity occurs.Read more about the MMI scale!Number of reports by intensityShaking intensityNumber of reportsMin-Max distance from epicenter (*)Average distance (*)I: Not felt1800–800 km (497–497 mi)800 km (497 mi)Notes(*) Reports are filtered to exclude those that are likely highly inaccurate or esaggerated.Only reports with latitude/longitude coordinate positions given (1 in total) could be used for geographic statistics.Compare Quake DataData for the same earthquake as reported by different agenciesThe more agencies report about the same quake and post similar data, the more confidence you can have in the data. It takes normally up to a few hours until earthquake parameters are calculated with near-optimum precision.MagDepthTime GMT2025-07-16EpicenterAgency4.5961 km38 mi01:03:40.43Luzon, PhilippinesGFZ (German Research Centre for Geosciences)4.810 km6.2 mi(*)01:03:00008 km S 36° E of Burgos (Ilocos Norte)10.3 km (6.4 mi) epicenter difference with GFZPHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology)4.661 km38 mi01:03:40Luzon, Philippines0 km (0 mi) epicenter difference with GFZRaspberryShake (RaspberryShake)Notes:(*) A depth given as 10 km often means that the the depth of the quake could be not determined with sufficient accuracy.Aftershocks for this quakeNo aftershocks have been recorded so far. When aftershocks are detected, we will update this section.What are aftershocks?Larger earthquakes (above magnitude 5 or so) such as this one are usually followed by smaller ones known as aftershocks that occur in the same area during the days, weeks, months or even years after the main shock.[More info]What about this quake?Based on its magnitude, the fault that was active during the quake likely ruptured beneath a surface area of approximately 4 km2 (2 square miles) as a first-order estimate. The length of the rupture zone thus was probably around 3 km (2 mi).[More info]Recorded aftershocks, latest first (0 quake)Jul 16, 2025 09:03 am (GMT +8)23 minutes ago4.661 km0 km - This quake40 km N of Laoag, Province of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos, PhilippinesMain Shock (this quake)MoreMap of aftershocksEarthquake statisticsAverage number of earthquakesBased on data from the past 25 years and our earthquake archive back to 1900, there are about 692 quakes on average per year in the area near the epicenter of this quake (within 100 km/61 mi):Mag. 7 or higher: 0.02 quakes per year (or 1 quake every 41.7 years)Mag. 6 or higher: 0.2 quakes per year (or 1 quake every 4.9 years)Mag. 5 or higher: 3.8 quakes per yearMag. 4 or higher: 27.2 quakes per yearMag. 3 or higher: 133 quakes per year (or 11.1 quakes per month)Mag. 2 or higher: 538 quakes per year (or 45 quakes per month)Mag. 1 or higher: 691 quakes per year (or 58 quakes per month)The area where this quake occurred has a very high level of seismic activity. It has had at least 3 quakes above magnitude 7 since 1900, which suggests that larger earthquakes of this size occur infrequently, probably on average approximately every 40 to 45 years.Number of quakes per yearPrevious quakes in the same area of this earthquakeThe earthquake occurred 22 hours after a magnitude 5.5 earthquake had hit on Tuesday, Jul 15, 2025, at 10:38 am (GMT +8 local time) in 45 km (28 mi) distance to the south:Mag. 5.5 earthquake Province of Ilocos Norte - 69 km northeast of Vigan, Philippines - The largest quake near the epicenter of this quake during the 10 years before was an event of magnitude 7.0. It had occurred 3 years earlier, on Wednesday, Jul 27, 2022, at 08:43 am local time (Asia/Manila GMT +8) in Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines:Mag. 7.0 earthquake Province of Abra - 46 km east of Vigan, Philippines - Jul 27, 2022 - The strongest-ever (since 1900) recorded quake in this area measured magnitude 7.6. It had occurred 57 years ago earlier, on Friday, Aug 2, 1968, at 04:19 am local time (Asia/Manila GMT +8) in Central Luzon, Philippines:Mag. 7.6 earthquake Province of Aurora - 69 km southeast of Santiago, Philippines - Aug 2, 1968 - Below is a list and map of larger or recent quakes that had occurred near the epicenter before this earthquake (within up to 100 km/61 mi distance, up to 300 km/183 mi for very large quakes above mag. 7). Filter and sort the list by magnitude or time.Max results102050100AllMagnitudeAll2+3+4+5+6+7+8+Time before48 hours1 week30 days1 year5 years30 yearsAny ageDate and TimeMagDepthDistanceLocationDetailsMapJul 15, 10:38 am (GMT +8)5.549 km45 km (28 mi) to the SProvince of Ilocos Norte, 69 km northeast of Vigan, Philippines I FELT IT - 22 reportsInfoJul 11, 08:52 pm (Manila)4.410 km21 km (13 mi) to the SW 20 km north of Laoag, Province of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos, Philippines I FELT IT - 3 reportsInfoJul 4, 01:58 am (Manila)4.310 km80 km (49 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 38 km southwest of Calayan Island, PhilippinesInfoJun 28, 07:12 pm (Manila)4.310 km69 km (43 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 27 km north of Sanchez-Mira, PhilippinesInfoJun 15, 02:33 am (GMT +8)4.210 km34 km (21 mi) to the NSouth China Sea, 71 km north of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoJun 14, 05:27 pm (Manila)4.839 km87 km (54 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 33 km southwest of Calayan Island, PhilippinesInfoApr 28, 01:18 am (Manila)5.618 km85 km (53 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 44 km west of Calayan Island, Philippines 16 reportsInfoApr 28, 12:54 am (Manila)5.510 km82 km (51 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 36 km southwest of Calayan Island, Philippines 7 reportsInfoDec 30, 2024 10:56 am (Manila)5.534 km17 km (10.6 mi) to the SE 42 km northeast of Laoag, Province of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos, Philippines 24 reportsInfoOct 25, 2022 10:59 pm (Manila)6.46 km97 km (60 mi) to the SProvince of Abra, Cordillera Administrative Region, 46 km east of Vigan, Philippines 154 reportsInfoJul 27, 2022 08:43 am (Manila)7.034 km113 km (70 mi) to the SProvince of Abra, Cordillera Administrative Region, 46 km east of Vigan, Philippines 2352 reportsInfoJul 1, 2022 02:40 am (Manila)6.030 km83 km (52 mi) to the NE 49 km NNE of Namuac, Philippines 111 reportsInfoJan 15, 2012 12:36 am (Manila)5.817 km87 km (54 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 37 km north of Mabaag Island, PhilippinesInfoMar 20, 2011 04:26 pm (Manila)6.027 km74 km (46 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 44 km southwest of Calayan Island, PhilippinesInfoMar 23, 2010 03:58 am (Manila)5.932 km8.8 km (5.5 mi) to the S 10 km south of Bangui, Province of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos, PhilippinesInfoJun 19, 2006 09:26 am (GMT +8)6.24 km63 km (39 mi) to the NWSouth China Sea, 87 km north of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoApr 8, 2003 01:43 am (Manila)5.733 km67 km (42 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 55 km south of Calayan Island, PhilippinesInfoMay 14, 2002 03:57 am (Manila)5.833 km85 km (53 mi) to the NE 58 km N of Namuac, PhilippinesInfoMar 14, 2001 04:04 am (Manila)5.733 km57 km (35 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 64 km northwest of Aparri, PhilippinesInfoJul 19, 2000 06:59 am (Manila)5.733 km70 km (43 mi) to the SProvince of Abra, Cordillera Administrative Region, 38 km southeast of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoMay 6, 1998 09:53 am (Manila)5.833 km29 km (18 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 68 km northeast of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoMay 22, 1997 09:21 pm (Manila)6.134 km76 km (47 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 48 km south of Calayan Island, PhilippinesInfoApr 9, 1997 02:07 am (Manila)5.871 km33 km (20 mi) to the SEApayao, Cordillera Administrative Region, 40 km east of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoJun 6, 1995 04:20 am (Manila)5.848 km16 km (9.8 mi) to the SE 38 km northeast of Laoag, Province of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos, PhilippinesInfoFeb 11, 1987 02:12 pm (Manila)6.024 km42 km (26 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, Cagayan Valley, 81 km northeast of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoFeb 19, 1986 07:40 pm (Manila)6.077 km75 km (47 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 46 km south of Calayan Island, PhilippinesInfoAug 17, 1983 08:17 pm (Manila)6.529 km36 km (22 mi) to the S 28 km east of Laoag, Province of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos, PhilippinesInfoNov 22, 1981 11:05 pm (Manila)6.524 km27 km (17 mi) to the NSouth China Sea, 67 km north of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoAug 26, 1979 10:31 pm (Manila)7.115 km155 km (96 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 25 km northeast of Camiguin Island, PhilippinesInfoMar 19, 1977 05:43 am (Manila)7.037 km258 km (160 mi) to the SE 34 km E of Dicamay, PhilippinesInfoFeb 3, 1974 06:08 pm (GMT +8)5.930 km82 km (51 mi) to the NWSouth China Sea, 97 km northwest of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoAug 26, 1970 11:11 pm (Manila)5.945 km60 km (37 mi) to the SW Luzon, PhilippinesInfoAug 2, 1968 04:19 am (Manila)7.625 km284 km (176 mi) to the SEProvince of Aurora, Central Luzon, 69 km southeast of Santiago, PhilippinesInfoDec 3, 1958 05:48 pm (Manila)6.130 km77 km (48 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, 42 km southwest of Calayan Island, PhilippinesInfoJun 12, 1957 02:49 am (Manila)6.545 km85 km (53 mi) to the SWSouth China Sea, 46 km southwest of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoJun 1, 1951 04:55 am (Manila)6.261 km41 km (26 mi) to the NESouth China Sea, Cagayan Valley, 78 km northeast of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoDec 29, 1949 03:03 am (Universal Time)7.215 km148 km (92 mi) to the SE 8.4 km southeast of Tabuk, PhilippinesInfoMar 3, 1948 09:09 am (Universal Time)7.115 km193 km (120 mi) to the WSouth China Sea, 187 km west of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoMay 23, 1938 08:21 am (Universal Time)7.015 km94 km (58 mi) to the SW Luzon, PhilippinesInfoFeb 14, 1934 03:59 am (Universal Time)7.515 km192 km (119 mi) to the SWSouth China Sea, 140 km northwest of Santiago Island, PhilippinesInfoAug 24, 1932 08:11 pm (Manila)7.00 km227 km (141 mi) to the S 14 km northwest of Baguio, PhilippinesInfoJun 14, 1932 05:59 am (Universal Time)6.135 km33 km (20 mi) to the SEApayao, Cordillera Administrative Region, 41 km east of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoOct 28, 1931 05:35 am (Universal Time)6.125 km41 km (25 mi) to the NSouth China Sea, Cagayan Valley, 80 km north of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoMar 19, 1931 06:25 am (Universal Time)6.615 km61 km (38 mi) to the SWSouth China Sea, 25 km southwest of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoSep 13, 1918 02:55 pm (Manila)7.00 km244 km (151 mi) to the NE 5.8 km south of Basco, Province of Batanes, Cagayan Valley, PhilippinesInfoMay 25, 1907 11:32 pm (GMT +8)7.00 km98 km (61 mi) to the SWSouth China Sea, 67 km west of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoOct 17, 1906 09:40 am (Universal Time)7.360 km59 km (37 mi) to the NE Philippine Islands RegionInfoMay 31, 1905 06:23 pm (Universal Time)6.815 km70 km (43 mi) to the NWSouth China Sea, 88 km northwest of Laoag, PhilippinesInfoMap of earlier quakes in the area of this quakeMax results102050100AllMagnitudeAll2+3+4+5+6+7+8+Time before48 hours1 week30 days1 year5 years30 yearsAny ageOldest quakes are shown in yellow, most recent in red.[quakes -][quakes +][smaller][bigger]