TARIQ PANJA2026年3月27日The International Olympic Committee has barred transgender athletes from competing in the women’s category of the Olympics and said that all participants in those events must undergo genetic testing.国际奥委会已禁止跨性别运动员参加奥运会女子项目，并表示所有参加此类项目的选手都必须接受基因检测。The decision, the most consequential since Kirsty Coventry was elected last year as the first woman to serve as president of the I.O.C., followed a board meeting and months of speculation over the organization’s policy on one of the most contentious issues facing global sports. The rules will be applicable starting at the next Olympics, in Los Angeles in 2028.这一决定是自去年柯丝蒂·考文垂当选为国际奥委会首位女性主席以来最具影响力的举措。该决定是在一次执委会会议后做出的，此前数月，外界一直在猜测该组织将如何应对这一全球体育领域最具争议的问题之一。新规将从2028年洛杉矶奥运会开始实施。Under the new policy eligibility will be determined by a one-time gene test, according to the I.O.C. The test, which is already being used in track and field, requires screening via saliva, a cheek swab or a blood sample.根据国际奥委会的新政策，参赛资格将通过一次性的基因检测来确定。该检测已在田径项目中使用，可通过唾液、口腔拭子或血液样本进行筛查。When Ms. Coventry, a former Olympic champion swimmer from Zimbabwe, campaigned to lead the organization, she frequently said how important it was to protect the women’s category amid broader — and often bitter — debates about the participation of transgender athletes in sporting competitions.来自津巴布韦的前奥运游泳冠军考文垂在竞选该组织领导职务时曾多次强调，在围绕跨性别运动员参赛问题展开的广泛且往往激烈的争论中，保护女子项目是何等重要。“At the Olympic Games, even the smallest margins can be the difference between victory and defeat,” Ms. Coventry said in a statement announcing the news. “So, it is absolutely clear that it would not be fair for biological males to compete in the female category. In addition, in some sports it would simply not be safe.”考文垂在宣布这一规定时强调：“在奥运会上，即使是最微小的差距也可能决定胜负。因此，生物学男性参加女子类别的比赛显然是不公平的。此外，在某些项目中，这甚至会带来安全问题。”She added the new policy “is based on science and has been led by medical experts.” The ruling has no bearing on recreational sports, while athletes self-identifying as transgender men are not barred from competing in women’s event.她补充说，这项新政策“以科学为依据，并由医学专家主导制定”。该规定对休闲体育没有影响，自我认同为跨性别男性的运动员参加女子项目则不受限制。Payoshni Mitra, executive director at Humans of Sport, a group that has focused on the issue, was critical of the new Olympic policy. “This kind of brutal language doesn’t protect sports — it polices women’s bodies,” she said in a statement to The New York Times. “It fuels suspicion, invites public scrutiny and puts already vulnerable athletes at risk.”长期关注该问题的组织“体育人”的执行主任帕约什尼·米特拉对国际奥委会的新政策提出了批评。“这种粗暴的语言不是在保护体育——而是在管制女性的身体，”她在给《纽约时报》的声明中表示。“它助长了猜疑，招致公众审视，并使本就脆弱的运动员面临风险。”The I.O.C. said it had consulted a number of experts, whom it did not identify, as it grappled with how to handle an issue that was becoming a growing concern for sports leaders. Late last year, Dr. Jane Thornton, the I.O.C.’s medical and scientific director and a former Olympic rower for Canada, presented the initial findings of a review that started in 2024 of athletes who are transgender or have differences of sexual development, known as DSD, and are competing in women’s sports. That analysis, which was not made public, stated that athletes born with male sexual markers retained physical advantages, including among those that had received treatment to reduce testosterone. That perspective, though, remains contested.国际奥委会表示，在应对这一日益受到体育界关注的问题时曾咨询多位专家，但未透露具体身份。去年底，国际奥委会医学与科学总监、前加拿大奥运赛艇选手简·桑顿博士公布了一项始于2024年的审查初步结果，研究对象为参加女子项目的跨性别运动员以及性发育差异(DSD)运动员。这份未公开的分析报告指出，具有男性性别特征出生的运动员仍然保留一定的身体优势，即便其中一些人已接受降低睾酮水平的治疗。不过，这一观点仍存在争议。Eric Vilain, a human geneticist at the University of California at Irvine, who advised the I.O.C. for almost a decade through 2017 on questions related to gender and sex eligibility, said the science was “not settled at all.”加州大学欧文分校的人类遗传学家埃里克·维兰在2017年前为国际奥委会就性别与参赛资格问题提供了近十年的咨询，他表示相关科学“远未有定论”。“I wouldn’t mind if they said we are a private organization and want to exclude transgender and DSD athletes and whoever is unhappy can start a new federation, but they are trying to find excuses to back that up,” he said on Thursday in a phone interview.“如果他们说，我们是一个私人组织，想要排除跨性别和性发育差异运动员，谁不高兴可以另立一个联合会，那我不介意。但他们是在试图为这种做法找借口，”他在周四的电话采访中说。In 2021, Laurel Hubbard, a weight lifter from New Zealand, became the first transgender woman to compete at an Olympics after transitioning. At the Winter Olympics this year, the freestyle skier Elis Lundholm of Sweden, who was assigned female at birth but identifies as a man, competed in the women’s moguls event. Under the new rules, Mr. Lundholm could continue to compete in the female category.2021年，新西兰举重运动员劳雷尔·哈伯德在完成性别转换后成为首位参加奥运会的跨性别女性。今年冬奥会上，出生时被认定为女性但自我认同为男性的瑞典自由式滑雪选手埃利斯·伦德霍尔姆参加了女子雪上技巧项目。按照新规，伦德霍尔姆仍可继续参加女子组比赛。Until now, the I.O.C.’s guidance had permitted transgender women to compete with reduced testosterone levels, but left the final decision to individual sports federations. Track and field, swimming, boxing and rugby have introduced their own sweeping bans on transgender athletes from competing in women’s competitions.在此之前，国际奥委会的指导原则允许跨性别女性在降低睾酮水平后参赛，但最终决定权交由各单项体育联合会。田径、游泳、拳击和英式橄榄球等项目已各自出台了全面禁止跨性别运动员参加女子比赛的规定。Women’s sports have been a critical front in a polarizing and public debate over transgender issues, a topic that was further inflamed last year when President Trump signed an executive order prohibiting transgender athletes from competing in women’s college sports. Ms. Coventry said in a news conference after the announcement that her perspective had not been influenced by any views held by the American president.女子体育一直是围绕跨性别议题的激烈公共辩论中的一个重要战场，去年特朗普总统签署了一项行政命令，禁止跨性别运动员参加大学女子体育赛事，此举令这一话题进一步升温。考文垂在宣布新规后的新闻发布会上表示，她的观点并未受到美国总统所持看法的影响。She added that she expected affected athletes to appeal to sports’ top court, the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which previously heard cases on gender eligibility. The ruling on Thursday, she said, was at heart rooted in fairness and safety on the field of play.她补充说，她预计受影响的运动员将向体育界的最高仲裁机构——国际体育仲裁法庭提出上诉，该法庭此前曾审理过有关性别资格的案子。她说，周四的裁决归根结底是基于赛场上的公平和安全。The screening rules, including those of the type announced by the I.O.C., have already run into problems with national laws. For example, female boxers in France were not able to be tested locally before international competitions because privacy laws there restrict genetic testing to determine gender. Those athletes would have the possibility of being screened at international events in third countries, said Ms. Coventry.包括国际奥委会宣布的规则在内，此类筛查规定已经遇到了与国家法律相冲突的问题。例如，法国的女子拳击手在国际比赛前无法在本国接受筛查，因为法国的隐私法禁止通过基因检测来确定性别。考文垂表示，这些运动员将可以选择在第三国举行的国际赛事中接受筛查。Ms. Mitra said the new policy risks safeguarding issues, particularly as it also affects minors. Athletes as young as 11 have competed at the most recent Summer Olympics.米特拉表示，新政策可能会引发安全措施方面的问题，特别是因为它也影响到未成年人。在最近一届夏季奥运会上，有年仅11岁的运动员参赛。“Expanding these practices to minors, without robust global safeguards, is not precaution, it’s negligence,” she said. Ms. Coventry said safeguarding measures were a priority, without outlining what they would look like.“在缺乏有力的全球性保障措施的情况下，将这类做法扩展到未成年人身上，这不是谨慎之举，而是失职，”她说。考文垂则表示，相关保护措施是优先事项，但未具体说明。The I.O.C. ruling also — with the exception of the rarest cases — eliminates from women’s competition a minority of athletes who do not have the typical female XX sex chromosomes, and have one of several conditions that together are known as differences in sex development. Some people do not know they have such differences. But their unusual genetics can result in high levels of testosterone and possibly greater muscular development, giving them some of the athletic advantage that men have. All DSD athletes could compete in male or mixed competitions, according the new ruling.国际奥委会的裁决还意味着，除了极少数情况外，那些不具有典型女性XX性染色体、存在几种性发育差异情况之一的少数运动员将被排除在女子比赛之外。有些人并不知道自己存在这样的差异。但他们异常的基因组成可能导致睾酮水平升高，并可能促进肌肉发育，从而使其拥有男性的一些运动优势。根据新规，所有患有性发育差异的运动员仍然可以参加男子项目或混合项目比赛。Tariq Panja是国际体育记者，专注于报道金钱、地缘政治和犯罪与体育世界的交汇。翻译：杜然点击查看本文英文版。