MARK MAZZETTI, ADAM ENTOUS, JULIAN E. BARNES2026年4月20日卫星图像显示本月霍尔木兹海峡部分区域船舶活动。 Copernicus Sentinel-2, via ReutersThe United States and Israel launched their war against Iran on the argument that if Iran one day got a nuclear weapon, it would have the ultimate deterrent against future attacks.美国和以色列对伊朗发动战争时所持的理由是：如果伊朗有一天拥有核武器，它将获得能吓阻未来攻击的终极威慑力。It turns out that Iran already has a deterrent: its own geography.结果证明，伊朗早已拥有一种威慑手段：它自身的地理位置。Iran’s decision to flex its control over shipping through the Strait of Hormuz, the strategic choke point through which 20 percent of the world’s oil supply flows, has brought global economic pain in the form of higher prices for gasoline, fertilizer and other staples. It has upended war planning in the United States and Israel, where officials have had to devise military options to wrest the strait from Iranian control.伊朗决定展现其对霍尔木兹海峡航运的控制权——这个战略咽喉要道承担着全球20%的石油供应，这给全球经济带来了痛苦，汽油、化肥和其他生活必需品的价格随之上涨。这还打乱了美国和以色列的战争计划，两国官员不得不制定军事方案，以夺取对该海峡的控制权。The U.S.-Israeli war has significantly damaged Iran’s leadership structure, larger naval vessels and missile production facilities, but it has done little to restrict Iran’s ability to control the strait.美以战争严重破坏了伊朗的领导层结构、大型海军舰艇和导弹生产设施，但几乎没有削弱伊朗控制霍尔木兹海峡的能力。Iran could thus emerge from the conflict with a blueprint for its hard-line theocratic government to keep its adversaries at bay, regardless of any restrictions on its nuclear program.因此，伊朗有可能在冲突结束后，带着一份蓝图走出战争：无论其核计划受到何种限制，其强硬的神权政府都能借此让对手不敢轻举妄动。“Everyone now knows that if there is a conflict in the future, closing the strait will be the first thing in the Iranian textbook,” said Danny Citrinowicz, a former head of the Iran branch of Israel’s military intelligence agency and now a fellow at the Atlantic Council. “You cannot beat geography.”“现在所有人都知道，如果未来再发生冲突，封锁海峡将是伊朗教科书里的第一条，”以色列军事情报局前伊朗处处长、现大西洋理事会研究员丹尼·西特里诺维奇说，“你无法战胜地理。”In several social media posts on Friday, President Trump said that the strait, which in one post he called the “Strait of Iran,” was “completely open” to shipping. Iran’s foreign minister made a similar declaration. On Saturday, however, Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps said that the waterway remained closed, suggesting a divide among Iranian military and civilians on the issue during negotiations to end the war.周五，特朗普总统在几条社交媒体帖子中表示，该海峡（他在其中一条里称之为“伊朗海峡”）对航运“完全开放”。伊朗外长也做出了类似声明。然而，周六伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队却表示，该水道仍然处于关闭状态，这暗示在结束战争的谈判期间，伊朗军方和文官之间存在分歧。Whereas just the prospect of sea mines is enough to scare off commercial shipping, Iran retains far more precise means of control: attack drones and short-range missiles. American military and intelligence officials estimate that, after weeks of war, Iran still has about 40 percent of its arsenal of attack drones and upward of 60 percent of its missile launchers — more than enough to hold shipping in the Strait of Hormuz hostage in the future.仅仅布设水雷的可能性就足以吓退商业航运，而伊朗拥有更为精确的控制手段：攻击无人机和短程导弹。美国军方和情报官员估计，经过数周战争后，伊朗仍保有约40%的攻击无人机库存，以及60%以上的导弹发射装置——这足以在未来继续将霍尔木兹海峡的航运当作人质。A central goal of the U.S.-led military campaign in Iran is now reopening the strait, which was open when the war began. It is a precarious position for the United States, and its adversaries have taken notice.目前，美国主导的对伊朗军事行动的中心目标是重新开放霍尔木兹海峡——一条战争开始前原本畅通的水道。这让美国处于一个尴尬的位置，其对手们已经注意到了这一点。“It’s not clear how the truce between Washington and Tehran will play out. But one thing is certain — Iran has tested its nuclear weapons. It’s called the Strait of Hormuz. Its potential is inexhaustible,” Dmitri Medvedev, a former president of Russia and deputy chairman of the country’s security council, wrote on social media last week.“目前尚不清楚华盛顿与德黑兰之间的停战协议将如何发展。但有一点是确定的——伊朗已经测试了它的核武器，它叫霍尔木兹海峡。其潜力无穷无尽，”俄罗斯前总统、俄联邦安全会议副主席德米特里·梅德韦杰夫上周在社交媒体上写道。Iran’s control over the strait forced President Trump to announce a naval blockade of his own, and this week the U.S. Navy began forcing cargo ships into Iranian ports after they transited the waterway.伊朗对海峡的控制迫使特朗普总统宣布实施自己的海军封锁。本周，美国海军开始在货船穿越该水道后，强行将其驱入伊朗港口。Iran responded with anger, but also taunting. “The Strait of Hormuz isn’t social media. If someone blocks you, you can’t just block them back,” one Iranian diplomatic outpost, which has posted snarky messages throughout the war, wrote on X in response to Mr. Trump’s move. The dispute over the strait has been the focus of numerous A.I.-generated videos depicting American and Israeli officials as Lego characters.伊朗对此表示愤怒，同时也带有嘲讽。“霍尔木兹海峡不是社交媒体。如果有人拉黑你，你不能只是反过来拉黑他们，”伊朗一个外交账号（该账号在整个战争期间不断发布讽刺信息）在X平台上回应特朗普的举动时写道。围绕海峡的争端已成为众多AI生成视频的焦点，这些视频用乐高角色描绘美国和以色列官员。Still, the impact of the American blockade has been real. Seaborne trade accounts for roughly 90 percent of Iran’s economic output — approximately $340 million per day — and that flow in recent days has largely ground to a halt.不过，美国封锁带来的影响是实实在在的。海运贸易约占伊朗经济产出的90%——每天约3.4亿美元——而最近几天，这一流动已基本停滞。周五，伊朗政府支持者在德黑兰举行集会，人们手持新任最高领袖穆赫塔巴·哈梅内伊的海报。Iran considers the blockade an act of war and has threatened to attack it. But so far it has not, nor has the United States tried during the current cease-fire to reduce Iran’s grip over the strait when the conflict finally ends.伊朗认为这一封锁是战争行为，并威胁要对其发动攻击。但到目前为止，伊朗尚未采取行动，美国在当前停火期间也没有试图削弱伊朗对海峡的控制，以便在冲突最终结束时达成目标。“It may be that both countries see there is a real window to have negotiations” and don’t want to escalate the conflict right now, Adm. Kevin Donegan, who once commanded the U.S. Navy’s fleet with responsibility for the Middle East and is now retired, said during a seminar hosted by the Middle East Institute this week.“两国可能都看到了进行谈判的真正窗口，”曾在中东负责美国海军舰队指挥、现已退役的凯文·多尼根海军上将本周在中东研究所举办的研讨会上说，“目前都不想让冲突升级。”Iran tried to block the Strait of Hormuz once before, mining it and the Persian Gulf during the conflict with Iraq during the 1980s. But mine warfare is dangerous, and decades later Iran has effectively harnessed missile and drone technology to threaten both commercial and military maritime traffic.20世纪80年代两伊冲突期间，伊朗曾尝试过封锁霍尔木兹海峡，当时它在海峡和波斯湾布设了水雷。但水雷战风险很大，数十年后，伊朗已有效掌握了导弹和无人机技术，能够威胁商业和军事海上交通。While the U.S. and Israeli war significantly damaged Iran’s weapons manufacturing capability, Iran has preserved enough of its missiles, launchers and one-way attack drones to put shipping in the strait at risk.虽然美以战争严重破坏了伊朗的武器制造能力，但其保有的导弹、发射装置和单程攻击无人机的数量依然能够对海峡航运构成威胁。U.S. intelligence and military estimates vary, but multiple officials said that Iran has about 40 percent of its prewar arsenal of drones. Those drones have proved to be a powerful deterrent. While they are easily shot down by American warships, commercial tankers have few defenses.美国情报和军方估计存在差异，但多名官员表示，伊朗仍拥有战前约40%的无人机库存。这些无人机已被证明是一种强大的威慑手段。虽然它们很容易被美国军舰击落，但商业油轮几乎没有防御能力。Iran also has ample supplies of missiles and missile launchers. At the time of the cease-fire, Iran had access to about half its missile launchers. In the days that immediately followed, it dug out about 100 systems that had been buried inside caves and bunkers, bringing its stockpile of launchers back up to about 60 percent of its prewar level.伊朗还拥有充足的导弹和导弹发射装置储备。停火时伊朗可动用的导弹发射装置约为战前的一半。随后几天里，它从洞穴和掩体中挖出了约100套系统，使其发射装置库存回升至战前水平的约60%。Iran is also digging out its supply of missiles, similarly buried in rubble from American attacks on its bunkers and depots. When that work is done, Iran could reclaim as much as 70 percent of its prewar arsenal, according to some American estimates.伊朗还在挖掘其导弹库存，这些导弹同样被埋在美国袭击掩体和仓库产生的瓦砾之下。根据一些美国估计，挖掘工作完成后，伊朗可能重新掌握多达70%的战前导弹储备。Officials note that the counts of Iran’s weapon stocks are not precise. Intelligence assessments offer a broad look at how much power Iran retains.官员们指出，对伊朗武器库存的统计并不精确。情报评估只是对伊朗保留实力的一个大致判断。But while estimates of Iran’s missile stockpiles differ, there is agreement among officials that Iran has enough weaponry to halt shipping in the future.尽管对伊朗导弹库存的估计各不相同，但官员们一致认为，伊朗拥有的武器足以在未来阻止航运。Iran’s government chose not to block the Strait of Hormuz last June, when Israel launched a military campaign that United States eventually joined to hit deeply buried nuclear sites.去年6月，当以色列发动军事行动（美国后来加入，打击了深藏在地下的伊朗核设施）时，伊朗政府没有选择封锁霍尔木兹海峡。Mr. Citrinowicz, the former Israeli official, said that decision probably reflected the cautious approach of Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who may have been concerned that blocking the strait could have led other countries to join the military campaign against Iran.前以色列官员西特里诺维奇表示，这一决定可能反映了伊朗最高领袖哈梅内伊的谨慎态度，他当时可能担心封锁海峡会促使其他国家加入针对伊朗的军事行动。Ayatollah Khamenei was killed during the first day of the current war, a move that signaled to Iranian officials that American and Israeli goals for this conflict were far more expansive.哈梅内伊在此次交战的第一天就被击毙，这一行动向伊朗官员表明，在这场冲突中，美国和以色列想达成的目标要比以前宏大得多。Iran “saw the June war as an Israeli war for their own strategic objectives,” Mr. Citrinowicz said. “This is a regime change war.”伊朗“认为去年6月的战争是以色列为自身战略目标而发动的战争”，西特里诺维奇说，“而这一次，这是一场政权更迭的战争。”Eric Schmitt对本文有报道贡献。Mark Mazzetti是时报驻华盛顿调查记者，主要关注国家安全、情报和外交事务。他著有一本关于CIA的书。Adam Entous是常驻华盛顿的调查记者，专注于报道国家安全和情报事务。Julian E. Barnes为《纽约时报》报道美国情报机构和国际安全事务。他撰写安全相关议题已有20余年。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。获取更多RSS：https://feedx.net https://feedx.site