':"";if(a){var r=n.promos.showYahooLogo?"":"yns-no-logo";a=a.replace("{notifOnboardBtnLabel}",n.promos.notifOnboardBtnLabel).replace("{notifOnboardMsg}",n.promos.notifOnboardMsg).replace("{subscriptionTopic}",n.promos.subscriptionTopic).replace("{noLogoClass}",r).replace("{promoLogo}",n.promos.promoLogo)}var s=t.newCount>n.panel.maxCount?t.newCount:"",c=n.panel.notificationCenterPath,l=c?"":R,u=n.panel.headerMsg?"":" "+R,d=c?H:"",p=void 0;t.count?p=t.markup:p='{emptyPanelMsg}'.replace("{emptyPanelMsg}",n.panel.emptyPanelMsg);return e=e.replace("{notifMarkup}",p).replace("{promoMarkup}",a).replace("{hideClass}",l).replace("{notifCenterLink}",c).replace("{paddingClass}",d).replace("{headerMsg}",n.panel.headerMsg).replace("{hideHeaderClass}",u).replace(/{notificationCenterNavMsg}/g,n.panel.notificationCenterNavMsg).replace(/{newCount}/g,s)}},{key:"render",value:function(e,t){var n=this;if(n._panelNode){var o=void 0,i=n._panelNode,a=void 0,r=void 0;switch(e){case"expanded_panel":o='{promoMarkup}{notifMarkup}',r=n._store.getNotifications(),a=n._generatePanelMarkup(o,r),i.innerHTML=a;break;case"error_panel":a=(o='{errorMsg}').replace("{errorMsg}",n._config.panel.errorMsg),i.innerHTML=a}t&&t()}else t&&t(new Error("No panel parent"))}},{key:"createPanelParentNode",value:function(e){e&&(e.innerHTML='',this._panelNode=document.getElementById(P))}},{key:"updateBadgeNode",value:function(e){if(e){var t=this._store.getNotifications().newCount,n=this._config.badge.maxCount;if(t){var o=t>n?n+"+":t;e.innerHTML=o}else e.innerHTML=""}}},{key:"addStyles",value:function(e){if(e&&"undefined"!=typeof window){var t=document.getElementById(this._config.panel.styleTagId);t||((t=document.createElement("style")).type="text/css",t.id=this._config.panel.styleTagId,t.innerText=e,document.head.appendChild(t))}}}]),e}(),j=function(){function e(t,n,o){E(this,e);var i=this;i._store=n,i._view=o,i._config=t;var a=i._config.panel;i._panelParentNode=document.querySelector(a.parentSelector),i._badgeNode=i._config.badge.selector&&document.querySelector(i._config.badge.selector),i._indicatorNode=a.indicatorSelector&&document.querySelector(a.indicatorSelector)}return k(e,[{key:"createPanelParentNode",value:function(){this._view.createPanelParentNode(this._panelParentNode),this._notifPanelNode=document.getElementById(P)}},{key:"refreshPanelNode",value:function(e,t){var n=this;x(n._notifPanelNode,D),n._store.fetchNotifications(e,(function(e,o){var i=window.wafer&&window.wafer.base;i&&i.destroy(n._notifPanelNode),e?n._notifPanelNode.innerHTML||(n._view.render("error_panel"),x(n._notifPanelNode,D)):(n._view.render("expanded_panel"),n._view.updateBadgeNode(n._badgeNode),n._showBadge(),n._showIndicator(),n._view.addStyles(o.css)),N(n._notifPanelNode,D),i&&i.sync(n._notifPanelNode.parentNode),t&&t(e,o)}))}},{key:"resetBadge",value:function(){var e=this;e._store.resetNewCount(),e._view.updateBadgeNode(e._badgeNode),x(e._badgeNode,e._config.badge.hideClass)}},{key:"_showIndicator",value:function(){this._indicatorNode&&(this._store.getNotifications().newCount?x(this._indicatorNode,this._config.panel.indicatorClass):N(this._indicatorNode,this._config.panel.indicatorClass))}},{key:"_showBadge",value:function(){var e=this;e._store.getNotifications().newCount?N(e._badgeNode,e._config.badge.hideClass):x(e._badgeNode,e._config.badge.hideClass)}}]),e}(),Y={promos:{eligibleBodyClass:"display-push-promos",enableNotifOnboard:!0,bypassEligibleClassCheck:!1,notifOnboardBtnLabel:"Notify Me",notifOnboardMsg:"Get alerts for breaking news and top stories",promoLogo:"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/ae/news/circle_bell.png",showYahooLogo:!0,subscriptionTopic:"gondor_homerun_news"},badge:{hideClass:"",maxCount:5,selector:""},panel:{emptyPanelMsg:"You have no new notifications.",errorMsg:"",headerMsg:"Notifications",imageTag:"img:40x40|2|80",indicatorClass:"yns-indicator",indicatorSelector:null,maxCount:6,notificationCenterNavMsg:"View all {newCount} notifications",notificationCenterPath:"",notificationTypes:"",parentSelector:null,styleTagId:"notificationStyles",theme:"default"},service:{attemptCount:1,attemptDelay:2,url:null,resetUrl:null,isRMP:!1,responseType:"json",timeout:1500}},F={NotificationClient:function(){function e(t){E(this,e);var n=this;n.config=n._parseConfig(t),n._validateRequiredConfigs()&&(n._request=new S(n.config),n._store=new B(n.config,n._request),n._view=new U(n.config,n._store),n._panelController=new j(n.config,n._store,n._view),n._panelController.createPanelParentNode(),n._assignHelperMethods())}return k(e,[{key:"_parseConfig",value:function(e){var t={};for(var n in I(t,Y),t)if(t.hasOwnProperty(n)){var o=t[n],i=e[n];"object"===(void 0===o?"undefined":L(o))?I(o,i):t[n]=e[n]}return t}},{key:"_validateRequiredConfigs",value:function(){var e=this.config;return!(!e.panel.parentSelector||!e.service.url)}},{key:"_assignHelperMethods",value:function(){var e=this;e.helpers={refreshPanelNode:e._panelController.refreshPanelNode.bind(e._panelController),resetBadge:e._panelController.resetBadge.bind(e._panelController),resetIndicator:function(){N(e._panelController._indicatorNode,e.config.panel.indicatorClass)}}}}]),e}()},z="lnct",W=function(){function e(){var e,t;this.personalized=!1,this.ybarElem=document.getElementById("ybar"),this.partnerClasses=null===(t=null===(e=this.ybarElem)||void 0===e?void 0:e.className)||void 0===t?void 0:t.match(/ybar-variant-([a-z]*)/),this.client=new F.NotificationClient(this.getConfig())}return e.prototype.refreshPanel=function(){var e,t,n,o=this,i={lastUpdate:this.getTimeStamp()||this.setTimeStamp(),loadInHpViewer:!0,includePersonalized:this.personalized},a=(null===(e=window.YAHOO)||void 0===e?void 0:e.context)||(null===(t=window.Af)||void 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Date).getTime()/1e3);return null===(e=window.localStorage)||void 0===e||e.setItem(z,t),t},e}(),G=new W,K=function(){return G},J="",V=[],$=function(){},X=function(){window.removeEventListener("beforeunload",X),""!==J&&l("Rapid not found on page",new Error(J))},Z=null,Q=function(){return null===Z&&(Z=document.getElementById("ybar")),Z},ee=function(){var e=0,t=window.YAHOO;if(T)return T;if(t)if(t.i13n)if(t.i13n.__RAPID_INSTANCES__)if(t.i13n.__RAPID_INSTANCES__.length0)for(var n=0;n0){if(T.addModules(i,!1,o),V.length>0)for(e=0;e40959)&&(i19903)&&(i55215))return!1}return!0},ve={navBeaconFired:!1},ye=["ready","navigation"],he=function(){function e(e){var t=this;this.triggerEvent=s,this.addEventListener=c,this.logError=l,this.logPerformance=u,this.getConfig=d,this.getPerformanceMetrics=p,this.rapidRefresh=ne,this.state=m({},ve),this.modules=e,this.userEmail="",window.YBAR&&(ye.forEach((function(e){var n="on".concat(e),o=window.YBAR[n];o&&(t[n]=o)})),window.YBAR.wssid&&(this.wssid=window.YBAR.wssid),window.YBAR.appid&&(this.appid=window.YBAR.appid)),ye.forEach((function(e){var n="on".concat(e);c(e,(function(){for(var o,i=[],a=0;a0){if(o&&i){var n=t>99;o.classList.add("".concat(At)),i.classList.add("count-loaded"),o.textContent=n?"99+":t+"",n?o.classList.add("".concat(Ct)):t>=10&&o.classList.add("".concat(St))}e.onDestroy((function(){o&&(o.textContent="")}))}})).catch((function(){}))}(e,s)}));var Ut="_yb_1e46uhr",jt=function(e,t){var n;t.logoImages&&(n=t.logoImages).length>0&&Array.prototype.forEach.call(n,(function(e){e.onerror=function(){e.onerror=null,e.style.display="none"}})),t.wrapper&&(function(e,t){e&&(xe("#ybar-logo","#ybar-logo",t),t.onDestroy((function(){e.classList.remove("ybar-show-outline"),e.classList.remove("ybar-hide-outline")})))}(t.wrapper,e),function(e,t){t&&e.addElementListener(t,"click",(function(){e.triggerEvent("logo-click")}))}(e,t.wrapper))};ge("ybar-mod-logo",(function(e){var t={wrapper:document.getElementById("ybar-logo"),logoImages:document.querySelectorAll(".".concat(Ut))};jt(e,t)}));var Yt={"dropdown-open":"_yb_1qr55t8","merchant-is-selected":"_yb_hpfgev",overlay:"_yb_1t4opbo","selected-merchant-clear-button":"_yb_sdzekv","shops-buttons":"_yb_1gmhi8h","styled-select":"_yb_1fed2vs",tooltip:"_yb_156j5sr","tooltip--show":"_yb_t94u7s",tooltip__text:"_yb_149d3c6",tooltip__voice:"_yb_rkldcd",tooltip__web:"_yb_1bze76z",dark:"_yb_of9a42",darker:"_yb_1br2rz9",light:"_yb_p0373k","search-border-gradient":"_yb_109k2ga","search-border-gradient-hover":"_yb_vljmzl",midnight60:"_yb_1o792pg","search-input-uh3-hover":"_yb_15ox84z","search-input-uh3-focus-visible":"_yb_1e6541m","sa-btn-bar":"_yb_1axm66t","searchbox-icon-uh3":"_yb_1uef33k",empty:"_yb_owcm9n"},Ft=function(e,t){var n=Math.max(e,t),o=Math.min(e,t),i=Math.abs(n-o);return b([],h(new Array(i+1)),!1).map((function(e,t){return o+t}))},zt=function(e,t,n){var o=e.getConfig().bucketConfig,i=(void 0===o?{}:o).enable_search_ui,a=void 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n=e.getConfig();"smartphone"===n.device&&("finance"===n.property&&"crunch"===n.ytheme&&e.addElementListener(t.searchInput,"click",(function(){var n,o;n="search_input_focus_click",null!==(o=re())&&(oe[n]||(oe[n]=o)),e.addElementListener(t.searchForm,"click",(function(){if(t.ybar){if(t.ybar.classList.contains("ybar-searchbox-assist-fullscreen"))return;t.ybar.classList.add("ybar-searchbox-assist-fullscreen"),t.ybar.classList.add("ybar-searchbox-assist-fadein")}if(!document.documentElement.classList.contains("ybar-overlay")){document.documentElement.classList.toggle("ybar-overlay"),document.body.classList.add("ybar-overlay-noscroll");te("ybar","websrch","",{elm:"expand",subsec:"searchbox",itc:"1"})}}))})),e.addElementListener(t.searchBoxPlaceholder,"click",(function(){zt(e,t)})),e.addElementListener(t.searchBoxPlaceholder,"keydown",(function(n){var o=n,i=o.keyCode,a=o.key,r=Ft(65,90),s=b(b([],h(Ft(58,57)),!1),h(Ft(96,105)),!1),c=b(b([],h(r),!1),h(s),!1).includes(i);(32===i||13===i||c)&&(n.preventDefault(),n.stopPropagation(),zt(e,t,c?a:""))})),t.searchBoxBackButton&&(e.addElementListener(t.searchBoxBackButton,"click",(function(e){e.stopPropagation(),window.YAHOO&&window.YAHOO.SA&&window.YAHOO.SA.apps&&window.YAHOO.SA.apps[0]&&(window.YAHOO.SA.apps[0].view.resetQuery(),window.YAHOO.SA.apps[0].view.hide()),Wt(t);te("ybar","back-close-srch","",{elm:"btn",subsec:"searchbox",itc:"1"})})),e.addElementListener(t.searchInput,"keyup",(function(e){e.stopPropagation();27===e.keyCode&&(e.stopPropagation(),Wt(t))}))),e.addEventListener("viewerClosed",(function(){Wt(t)})),e.onDestroy((function(){Wt(t)})))},Kt=function(){function e(e,t,n){t&&(this.ybar=e,this.elem=t,this.options=n,this.show=this.show.bind(this),this.hide=this.hide.bind(this),this.addEventListeners())}return Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"tooltip",{get:function(){var e=this;return this.tooltipMarkup||(this.tooltipMarkup=this.createTooltip(),(this.options.tooltipParentElm||this.elem).appendChild(this.tooltipMarkup),this.ybar.onDestroy((function(){var t,n;null===(n=null===(t=e.tooltipMarkup)||void 0===t?void 0:t.parentNode)||void 0===n||n.removeChild(e.tooltipMarkup)}))),this.tooltipMarkup},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.show=function(){this.tooltip.classList.add(this.options.showClass)},e.prototype.hide=function(){this.tooltip.classList.remove(this.options.showClass)},e.prototype.addEventListeners=function(){this.ybar.addElementListener(this.elem,"mouseenter",this.show),this.ybar.addElementListener(this.elem,"focus",this.show),this.ybar.addElementListener(this.elem,"mouseleave",this.hide),this.ybar.addElementListener(this.elem,"blur",this.hide)},e.prototype.createTooltip=function(){var e=document.createElement("div");e.className=this.options.containerClass||"";var t=document.createElement("p");return t.textContent=this.options.label,t.className=this.options.textClass||"",e.appendChild(t),e},e}(),Jt={containerClass:Yt.tooltip,textClass:Yt.tooltip__text,showClass:Yt["tooltip--show"]};ge("ybar-mod-searchbox",(function(e){var t,n=e.getConfig(),o={ybar:document.getElementById("ybar"),searchInput:document.getElementById("ybar-sbq"),buttonBar:document.querySelector(".".concat(Yt["sa-btn-bar"])),searchForm:document.getElementById("ybar-sf"),searchBoxIcon:document.querySelector(".".concat(Yt["searchbox-icon-uh3"])),searchBoxPlaceholder:document.getElementById("ybar-smartphone-searchbox-placeholder"),searchBoxBackButton:document.getElementById("ybar-search-back-btn"),shopsButtonsWrap:document.querySelector(".".concat(Yt["shops-buttons"])),categorySelect:document.getElementById("shops-category-select"),selectedMerchantInput:document.getElementById("selected-merchant-input"),selectedMerchantClearButton:document.querySelector(".".concat(Yt["selected-merchant-clear-button"])),submitSearchBtn:document.getElementById("ybar-search"),clearSearchBtn:document.getElementById("ybar-sbq-x"),searchGradientBorder:document.querySelector(".".concat(Yt["search-border-gradient"]))};if(function(e,t){var n,o,i,a=e.getConfig();if(t.ybar&&["desktop","tablet"].includes(a.device)&&(null===(n=a.bucketConfig)||void 0===n?void 0:n.highlight_searchassist)&&(null===(o=a.bucketConfig)||void 0===o?void 0:o.overlay_class)){t.ybar.setAttribute("data-ovrly-bkt",a.bucketConfig.overlay_class),null===(i=t.searchForm)||void 0===i||i.classList.add(Yt[a.bucketConfig.overlay_class]);var r=document.createElement("div");r.classList.add(Yt.overlay,Yt[a.bucketConfig.overlay_class]),document.body.appendChild(r),e.onDestroy((function(){document.body.removeChild(r)})),e.addElementListener(t.searchForm,"focusout",(function(e){if(t.searchForm&&t.searchInput){var n=e.relatedTarget;n&&!t.searchForm.contains(n)&&window.YAHOO.SA&&window.YAHOO.SA.apps&&window.YAHOO.SA.apps[0]&&window.YAHOO.SA.apps[0].view.shown&&window.YAHOO.SA.apps[0].view.hide()}}))}}(e,o),Gt(e,o),o.searchGradientBorder){var i=!1;o.searchInput.addEventListener("keydown",(function(e){var t=e.code,n=e.key,a=t.startsWith("Key"),r=t.startsWith("Digit"),s=/^[!@#$%^&*()_+\-=[\]{};':"\\|,./?`~]$/.test(n);(a||r||s)&&!i&&(o.searchGradientBorder.classList.add("".concat(Yt["search-border-gradient-hover"])),i=!0)})),e.addElementListener(o.searchForm,"mouseover",(function(){i||o.searchGradientBorder.classList.add("".concat(Yt["search-border-gradient-hover"]))})),e.addElementListener(o.searchForm,"mouseout",(function(){i||o.searchGradientBorder.classList.remove("".concat(Yt["search-border-gradient-hover"]))})),e.addElementListener(o.searchInput,"click",(function(){i=!0})),e.addElementListener(o.searchInput,"blur",(function(){o.searchGradientBorder.classList.remove("".concat(Yt["search-border-gradient-hover"]))}))}o.searchForm&&(e.addElementListener(o.searchBoxIcon,"mouseover",(function(){o.searchForm.classList.add("".concat(Yt["search-input-uh3-hover"]))})),e.addElementListener(o.searchBoxIcon,"mouseout",(function(){o.searchForm.classList.remove("".concat(Yt["search-input-uh3-hover"]))})),e.addElementListener(o.buttonBar,"mouseover",(function(){o.searchForm.classList.add("".concat(Yt["search-input-uh3-hover"]))})),e.addElementListener(o.buttonBar,"mouseout",(function(){o.searchForm.classList.remove("".concat(Yt["search-input-uh3-hover"]))})),e.addElementListener(o.searchInput,"keyup",(function(e){"Tab"===e.key&&o.searchForm.classList.add("".concat(Yt["search-input-uh3-focus-visible"])),o.searchInput.classList.toggle("".concat(Yt.empty),""===o.searchInput.value)})),e.addElementListener(o.searchInput,"keydown",(function(){o.searchForm.classList.remove("".concat(Yt["search-input-uh3-focus-visible"]))})),e.addElementListener(o.searchInput,"focusout",(function(){o.searchForm.classList.remove("".concat(Yt["search-input-uh3-focus-visible"]))})),e.addElementListener(o.submitSearchBtn,"click",(function(e){""===o.searchInput.value.trim()&&e.preventDefault()})),e.addElementListener(o.clearSearchBtn,"click",(function(){o.searchInput.classList.add("".concat(Yt.empty))}))),o.submitSearchBtn&&"crunch"===n.ytheme&&new Kt(e,o.submitSearchBtn,m(m({},Jt),{label:null!==(t=n.i18n.root.SEARCH_TOOLTIP_WEB)&&void 0!==t?t:"Search the web",containerClass:"".concat(Yt.tooltip," ").concat(Yt.tooltip__web),tooltipParentElm:o.clearSearchBtn.parentElement}))}));var Vt="_yb_tdk4ba",$t="_yb_hkd17a",Xt="_yb_rtzclf",Zt="_yb_tdbhj6",Qt="_yb_de52ef",en="_yb_9hwrey",tn="_yb_slc8ta",nn="_yb_bf0svp",on="_yb_hjic9z";ge("ybar-mod-adaptivenav",(function(e){var t=document.querySelector("#ybar-l1-more-menu ul"),n={moreDropDown:document.querySelector(".".concat(Vt)),moreBtn:document.querySelector(".".concat($t)),wrap:document.querySelector(".".concat(Zt)),moreSectionTitle:document.querySelectorAll(".".concat(Qt)),editionsCtaBtn:document.querySelector(".".concat(en)),editionsMenu:document.querySelector(".".concat(tn)),closeBtn:document.querySelector(".".concat(nn)),moreMenuDropDownHeight:t?"".concat(t.offsetHeight+48,"px"):"0"};new 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He is co-founder and director of Eurointelligence, and writes a column on European affairs for UnHerd. Opinions are his own.Some of the folklore from boomer-era finance, the pre-crypto world of financial markets, does not apply to cryptocurrencies.But a lot of it does.If you cut it down to its bones, finance consists of three activities: lending, investing and insurance. All financial products fall into one or more of these categories.For most of history, financial innovation was a euphemism for ways to reduce the friction that is inherent in these activities or — more often than not — to hide them.Crypto is different in one important sense: it constitutes real innovation.Tokenisation breaks down big claims into smaller ones. Decentralised finance promises to replicate all of the main functions of a financial market by cutting out rent-extracting intermediaries. Bitcoin constitutes a modern instrument to insure against currency debasement.It is quite possible that crypto will end up delivering only a few of those benefits. Bitcoin has succeeded as an investment, but so far not really as a transaction currency, the purpose for which it was originally designed.It is also not clear whether Defi will cut out the middleman, as Amazon did, to the extent we thought of a few years back, or whether it will end up facilitating rent extraction by an oligopolistic financial industry.The wisdom of boomer-era finance has no notions for real financial innovation.Subprime mortgages and collateral debt obligations, or CDOs, were as sophisticated as they would ever get in that world.But there are ideas and wisdom from the olden days that carry over.If you set up an investment business with borrowed money to invest in Bitcoin in the hope that it would never fall below some imaginary “support level,” this is downright stupid.This is the oldest finance scheme in the book: borrow money to invest in a volatile, risky asset.It’s just dumb. It’s been done many times before.An equally futile, but more sophisticated scheme in the crypto-world is the strategy of looping.It is a bit more sophisticated than naked borrowing, but it, too, is a version of a very old-school trick — the pyramid scheme.You take an asset that you have, some cryptocurrency, and use it as collateral against which you borrow another cryptocurrency, say a stablecoin. 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