LYDIA DEPILLIS, CAMPBELL ROBERTSON2025年12月31日2024年，美国的外国出生人口创下新高。移民改变了像爱荷华州马歇尔敦这样的地方，当地公立学校里使用约50种不同语言。 KC McGinnis for The New York TimesAcross the United States, someone is missing.全美各地，都有人在消失。One year into President Donald Trump’s immigration crackdown, construction firms in Louisiana are scrambling to find carpenters. Hospitals in West Virginia have lost out on doctors and nurses who were planning to come from overseas. A neighborhood soccer league in Memphis, Tennessee, cannot field enough teams because immigrant children have stopped showing up.特朗普总统推行移民管控政策一年后，路易斯安那州的建筑公司正急于寻找木匠；西弗吉尼亚州的医院失去了原本计划从海外引进的医生和护士；田纳西州孟菲斯市的社区足球联赛因移民孩子不再露面而无法凑足参赛队伍。America is closing its doors to the world, sealing the border, squeezing the legal avenues to entry and sending new arrivals and longtime residents to the exits.美国正在对世界关上大门：封锁边境，收紧合法入境渠道，同时将众多新老居民驱逐出境。Visa fees have been jacked up, refugee admissions are almost zero and international student admissions have dropped. The rollback of temporary legal statuses granted under the Biden administration has rendered hundreds of thousands more people newly vulnerable to removal at any time. The administration says it has already expelled more than 600,000 people.签证费用大幅上涨，难民接收近乎停滞，国际学生录取数量下降。拜登政府时期授予的临时合法身份被大规模取消，使数十万人随时面临驱逐风险。政府宣称已遣返超过60万人。Shrinking the foreign-born population won’t happen overnight. Oxford Economics estimates that net immigration is running at about 450,000 people a year under current policies. That is well below the 2 million to 3 million a year who came in under the Biden administration. The share of the country’s population that is foreign born hit 14.8% in 2024, a high not seen since 1890.减少外来人口并不会一夜之间发生。牛津经济研究院估计，在现行政策下，净移民人数每年约为45万人。这远低于拜登时期每年200万到300万的数字。美国的外国出生人口的比例在2024年达到14.8%，为1890年以来的最高水平。But White House officials have made clear they are aiming for something closer to the immigration shutdown of the 1920s, when Congress, at the crest of a decades-long surge in nativism, barred entry of people from half of the world and brought net immigration down to zero. The share of the foreign-born population bottomed out at 4.7% in 1970. Stephen Miller, a top adviser to Trump, has extolled those decades of low immigration as the last time the United States was “an undisputed global superpower.”但白宫官员已经明确，他们的目标更接近于20世纪20年代的“移民封锁”——当时在持续数十年的排外浪潮顶峰，国会禁止了来自半个世界的移民入境，将净移民降至零。外国出生人口比例在1970年降到4.7%的谷底。特朗普的高级顾问斯蒂芬·米勒称，那几十年的低移民时期是美国“作为无可争议的全球超级大国”的最后时刻。Whether or not restrictions will restore some of what Miller views as a midcentury idyll, there’s little doubt that major changes are in store. Immigration has woven itself so tightly through the country’s fabric — in classrooms and hospital wards, city parks and concert halls, corporate boardrooms and factory floors — that walling off the country now will profoundly alter daily life for millions of Americans.不论严格限制是否能恢复米勒所认为的“上世纪中叶的理想状态”，可以肯定的是，巨大的变化正在到来。移民已经深深融入美国社会的肌理——从教室到医院病房、从城市公园与音乐厅、从企业董事会与工厂车间——如今封锁国门将深刻改变数百万美国人的日常生活。Grocery stores and churches are quieter in immigrant neighborhoods. Fewer students show up in Los Angeles and New York City. In South Florida, Billo’s Caracas Boys, a Venezuelan orchestra, puts on an annual holiday concert where generations of families come to dance salsas and paso dobles. This year, the orchestra announced at the last minute that it was canceling the show because so many people are nervous about leaving home.移民社区的杂货店和教堂变得冷清，洛杉矶和纽约市的校园里学生变少了。在佛罗里达州南部，委内瑞拉管弦乐队“比洛的加拉加斯男孩”每年都会举办节日音乐会，几代人聚集一堂跳起莎莎舞和斗牛舞。今年，乐队在最后一刻宣布取消演出，因为太多人不敢离家出门。The changes will also be felt hundreds of miles from any ocean or national border, even in the snow-washed streets of Marshalltown, Iowa, a city of 28,000 about an hour’s drive northeast of Des Moines.甚至在远离海洋或国境数百英里的地方也能感受到这些变化，比如爱荷华州马歇尔敦那些冰雪覆盖的街道。这座有2.8万人口的城市位于得梅因东北约一小时车程。在外来移民占人口19%的马歇尔敦，圣玛丽天主教堂内做平安夜弥撒的信徒们。First Mexicans, some living in the country illegally, came to Marshalltown in the 1990s to work at the pork processing plant. After a high-profile immigration raid there in 2006, refugees with more solid legal status arrived from Myanmar, Haiti and Congo.20世纪90年代，首先是墨西哥人来到马歇尔敦，在猪肉加工厂工作，其中一些属于非法居留。2006年一次备受关注的移民突击检查后，来自缅甸、海地和刚果的一些有合法身份的难民抵达这里。上世纪90年代，墨西哥移民来到马歇尔敦的猪肉加工厂工作。之后来自缅甸、海地和刚果民主共和国的难民也相继抵达。 KC McGinnis for The New York TimesNow, Mexican, Chinese and Vietnamese restaurants dot the blocks around the grand, 19th-century courthouse. The population is 19% foreign born, and some 50 dialects are spoken in the public schools. The pews at the Spanish-language Mass at the local Catholic church overflow on Sundays, and, in 2021, a Burmese religious society built a towering statue of Buddha on the outskirts of town.如今，19世纪宏伟法院大楼周围的街区遍布墨西哥、中国和越南餐厅。人口中19%为外国出生，公立学校里使用约50种不同语言。每周日，当地天主教堂的西班牙语弥撒座无虚席，2021年，一个缅甸宗教团体在城郊建造了一座高耸的佛像。“You have more energy in the community,” said Michael Ladehoff, Marshalltown’s mayor-elect. “If you stay stagnant, and you don’t have new people coming to your community, you start aging out.”“社区更有活力了，”马歇尔敦候任市长迈克尔·拉德霍夫说。“如果你停滞不前，没有新人来到你的社区，你就会开始老龄化。”But with Trump’s crackdown on immigration gaining strength, local festivals are more thinly attended. Parents pull their children out of school when they hear about people being detained. The supervisor overseeing the construction of a high school sports stadium received a deportation letter, creating a conspicuous absence as the work finished up. The pork plant has let workers go as their work permits have expired.但随着特朗普移民打击力度的加大，当地节庆活动的出席人数变少了。家长一听说有人被拘留，就不让孩子去上学。一名负责高中体育场建设的监工收到驱逐信，导致即将完工的项目缺少了一个关键人物。猪肉加工厂因工人工作许可到期而裁员。An Echo of the Past昔日重现It’s not clear yet what these changes will mean for America. But a past era of immigration crackdowns contains some lessons.这些变化对美国意味着什么目前尚难断言。但历史上的一个移民打击时期提供了一些教训。Over the country’s first century, immigration was essentially unrestricted at the federal level. This began to change in the late 1800s, with the “great wave” of immigrants fleeing political oppression or seeking work. Starting in the 1870s and over the decades that followed, Congress barred criminals, anarchists, the indigent and all Chinese laborers.在美国建国后的第一个世纪里，联邦层面移民基本不受限制。从19世纪末开始，随着逃离政治压迫或寻求工作的“大移民潮”开始，情况出现了变化。从1870年代起及随后几十年，国会禁止罪犯、无政府主义者、贫民和所有中国劳工入境。By the turn of the 20th century, anti-immigrant sentiment was rampant. Lawyer and eugenicist Madison Grant wrote in his 1916 book, “The Passing of the Great Race,” that foreign countries were taking advantage of America’s openness by unloading “the sweepings of their jails and asylums” and that the “whole tone of American life, social, moral and political has been lowered and vulgarized by them.”到20世纪初，反移民情绪盛行。律师兼优生学家麦迪逊·格兰特在1916年的著作《伟大种族的消逝》中写道，外国正利用美国的开放，将“监狱和疯人院的垃圾”倾倒进来，并称“美国的生活、社会、道德和政治整体基调都被他们贬低和庸俗化”。Grant was consulted as an expert when Congress began crafting the Immigration Act of 1924, which, along with companion legislation, barred nearly all immigration from Asia, created the U.S. Border Patrol and established quotas from eastern and southern European countries. Net immigration — which accounts for people leaving as well as those coming in — plummeted.格兰特成为向国会提供建议的专家，当时国会正在制定1924年移民法。该法连同相关立法几乎禁止所有亚洲移民，创建美国边境巡逻队，并对东欧和南欧国家设定配额。综合了离境和入境数据的净移民量急剧下降。20世纪20年代，一艘从埃利斯岛驶离的船只载着被美国拒绝入境的人们，他们将转乘其他船只返回故土。Today’s language echoes that time. Trump characterizes people from Somalia, Haiti and Afghanistan as coming from “hellholes” and accuses other countries of “emptying out their prisons and their mental institutions into the United States of America.”今天的论调与那个时代遥相呼应。特朗普将来自索马里、海地和阿富汗的人描述为来自“地狱般的地方”，并指责其他国家“把监狱和精神病院的人全扔到了美国”。The broader debate in the 1920s would be familiar to contemporary ears, too: fears about crime; anxiety about the falling fertility rates of the native born; suspicion about the politics of newcomers; hopes that restrictions would mean higher wages for U.S.-born workers; disputes about assimilation.20世纪20年代的更广泛辩论对当代人也耳熟能详：对犯罪的恐惧；对本土出生人口生育率下降的焦虑；对新来者政治立场的怀疑；希望限制措施能为美国出生工人带来更高工资；关于同化的争论。Today, some proponents of halting immigration — including Vice President JD Vance — argue that it would help the country absorb those who were already here, decrease competition for scarce goods like housing and strengthen job opportunities for young men who had dropped out of the workforce. Reihan Salam, president of the conservative Manhattan Institute, wrote in his 2018 book “Melting Pot or Civil War?” that a large and constantly growing population of low-skilled immigrants, many living in working-class ethnic enclaves, risks creating a “permanent underclass.”如今，一些支持停止移民的人——包括副总统JD·万斯——认为，这将有助于国家吸收已在这里的人，减少住房等稀缺商品的竞争，并为脱离劳动力市场的年轻男性提供更多就业机会。保守派机构曼哈顿研究所主席雷汉·萨拉姆在2018年著作《熔炉还是内战？》中写道，大量且不断增多的低技能移民（许多生活在工薪阶层族裔聚居区）有制造“永久下层阶级”的风险。The restrictions passed in the 1920s governed U.S. immigration until international competition in the Cold War, the Civil Rights Movement and a shift in organized labor’s stance led to the end of national origins quotas in 1965.1920年代确立的限制措施主导美国移民政策直至1965年——冷战时期的国际竞争、民权运动以及有组织劳工立场的转变，最终终结了按国籍设定配额的做法。Although the effects of the 1924 immigration restrictions are difficult to untangle from other developments — wars, technological advancements, the baby boom — wages rose for U.S.-born workers in places affected by the immigrant restrictions. But only briefly. Employers avoided paying more by hiring workers from Mexico and Canada, countries not subject to immigration caps; American-born workers from small towns migrated to urban areas and alleviated shortages. Farms turned to automation to replace the missing labor. The coal mining industry, which was powered by immigrants now barred from entry, shrank.尽管1924年移民限制的影响很难与战争、技术进步、婴儿潮等其他事件区分开来，但在受移民限制影响的地区，美国出生工人的工资确实上涨了。只不过这一趋势很短暂。雇主通过雇佣不受配额限制的墨西哥和加拿大工人避免加薪；美国出生的小镇工人迁往城市缓解了用工短缺；农场转向自动化取代缺失劳动力。依赖被禁移民的煤矿业萎缩。And today? Construction wages have been rising, even as homebuilding has been sluggish — a potential indication that deportations in the immigrant-heavy industry are bidding up salaries. The union representing workers in the pork processing industry sees an upside, too, even though it opposes deportations and won wage increases after President Joe Biden’s immigration surge.而今天呢？建筑业工资正在上涨，尽管住房建设低迷——这可能表明在移民密集行业驱逐行动正在推高薪资。猪肉加工行业工会也看到了好处，尽管这些工会反对驱逐，并在拜登政府的移民激增后争取到加薪。“I will certainly bring it up at the bargaining table that the way to solve a labor shortage is to pay more money,” said Mark Lauritsen, head of the meatpacking division at the United Food and Commercial Workers Union International.“我肯定会在谈判桌上提出，解决劳动力短缺的方法就是支付更多钱，”美国食品与商业工人国际工会肉类加工部门负责人马克·劳里森说。The same is true in landscaping. Immigrant crews, working outside, were an easy deportation target over the summer. Come spring, said Kim Hartmann, an executive at a Chicago-area landscaping firm, the labor force could be 10% to 20% smaller.园林绿化行业也是如此。夏季，户外工作的移民团队容易成为驱逐目标。芝加哥地区一家园林公司高管金·哈特曼表示，来年春天劳动力可能减少10%至20%。“It’s going to be much more competitive to find that individual who’s been a foreman or a supervisor and has years of experience,” Hartmann said. “We know that drives costs up.”“有多年经验的工头或主管会更抢手，”哈特曼说。“我们知道这会推高成本。”But there are limits to how much customers will pay for decorative shrubs, and they may opt to go without. One 2022 study examined the expulsion of tens of thousands of Mexicans from the United States in the early 1930s. Contrary to the policy’s intent, unemployment rose and wages were depressed for native-born workers, possibly because sectors that depended on immigrant labor — agriculture, construction and manufacturing — suffered so much that they contracted.但客户对装饰性灌木的支付意愿存在限度，他们可能选择放弃。2022年一项研究考察了20世纪30年代初驱逐数万墨西哥人的情况。与政策初衷相反，本土出生工人的失业率反而上升、工资水平下降——这可能是因为依赖移民劳动力的农业、建筑业和制造业遭受重创，导致行业萎缩。The lesson of the last period of intense restriction is that employers have an array of ways to adjust, said Leah Boustan, an economics professor at Yale who studies the history of immigration.耶鲁大学研究移民历史的经济学家莉亚·布斯坦表示，上一次严厉限制时期的教训是，雇主拥有多种调整方式。“The menu is other sources of labor, and machinery,” she said. “It’s not obvious that you’re going to pick the guy down the street relative to these alternatives.”“还有其他劳动力来源以及机器可供选择，”她表示。“相比于这些替代方案，你未必会优先选择跟你住一条街那人。”Where Hands Still Matter仍需人力的领域Today, that menu has expanded. Companies can outsource jobs to other countries. Artificial intelligence is replacing some types of work, and other countries, like Japan, have shown the possibilities of robotics. But many services still require humans, in person.如今选项在不断增多。企业可将工作岗位外包至其他国家。人工智能正在取代某些工种，在日本等国可以看到机器人技术的可能性。但许多服务领域仍需真人当面完成。西弗吉尼亚州普林斯顿市蓝石健康中心的执业护士雪莉·帕克正在为患者做检查。该州目前有近五分之一的护理岗位空缺。“If you’re an obstetrician, delivering a baby right in the moment, you need hands to lay on the patient,” said David Goldberg, a vice president of Vandalia Health, a network of hospitals and medical offices in West Virginia. “It’s not the same as a banker, or someone creating code.”“如果你是产科医生，眼下需要为产妇接生，就必须亲手接触患者，”西弗吉尼亚州的医院及医疗诊所网络——万达利亚医疗集团副总裁戴维·戈德伯格指出。“这与银行从业者或程序员的工作性质不同。”Nearly a fifth of nursing positions are currently vacant in West Virginia — a state that is older, sicker and poorer than most — and the state faces a serious shortage of physicians in the coming years. The answer has been to look abroad. A third of West Virginia’s physicians graduated from medical schools overseas. Now that option is narrowing.西弗吉尼亚州比美国多数州老龄化更严重、疾病更普遍、也更为贫困，这里目前有近五分之一的护理岗位空缺，未来几年还将面临严重的医生短缺。解决方案本是向海外寻求人才，该州三分之一的医生毕业于海外医学院，如今该渠道正在收窄。“We lost two cardiologists because of their concern that they wouldn’t get their visa and, if they did, that they would not be able to stay here permanently,” Goldberg said. “They went elsewhere.”“我们失去了两名心脏科医生，因为他们担心拿不到签证，即便拿到了，也可能无法永久留下。”戈德伯格说，“他们去了其他国家。”Similarly, nobody has figured out how to harvest delicate crops with machines. During the low-immigration 1970s, some crops, like green onions, disappeared from shelves or were imported instead.同样，目前还没有机器采摘娇嫩农作物的技术。20世纪70年代低移民时期，香葱等作物从货架上消失了，或是转为了进口。“It’s not going to hop from the ground into a package without somebody’s hands being involved somewhere along the way,” said Luke Brubaker, who runs a dairy farm with his sons and a grandson in Pennsylvania. To milk cows, feed them and deliver calves, he relies on more than a dozen foreign-born workers, most of them Mexican. He is not optimistic that he will be able to replace them.“农作物不可能从地里自动跳进包装袋，整个过程必须有人工参与，”卢克·布鲁贝克说。他与儿孙在宾夕法尼亚州经营一座奶牛场，挤奶、喂牛和接生小牛等工作依赖十多名外国出生的工人，大多数是墨西哥人。他对能否找到替代劳动力并不乐观。“You can put an ad in the paper,” he said. “Maybe you would have one American-born applying for that job if you need 10 people. And that’s a maybe.”“你可以在报纸上打广告，”他说。“如果你需要10个人，可能只有一个在美国出生的人来应聘。而且，这还只是‘可能’。”Land of Opportunity?机遇之地？快休闲地中海餐饮连锁品牌塔兹基斯的首席执行官丹·辛普森表示，自年初以来，他已失去了洗碗工、厨师以及经理和助理经理等员工。Dan Simpson, the CEO of Taziki’s, a fast casual Mediterranean restaurant chain based in the Southeast, has been losing employees since the beginning of the year. These were not only dishwashers and cooks but also managers and assistant managers, who had come to the United States with advanced degrees.丹·辛普森是快休闲地中海餐饮连锁品牌塔兹基斯的首席执行官，这家总部位于美国东南部的公司从今年年初开始就一直在流失员工。离开的不仅是洗碗工和厨师，还有经理和助理经理——他们中很多人是带着高等学历来到美国的。While he worries about the effect on his own business, he believes that the damage could be much greater.虽然这已经够让他担心了，但他认为损害可能远不止于自家的这点生意。一名塔兹基斯员工正在制作鸡肉卷。辛普森指出，虽然担心移民政策对企业的影响，但“更大的问题在于我们正玷污美国的品牌形象”。“If you zoom back, the bigger problem is that we’re tarnishing the brand of America,” Simpson said. Even if the United States opens up again, he said, “we’re going to need a campaign to fix the idea that America is not the land of opportunity.”“如果把镜头拉远看，更大的问题在于我们正玷污美国的品牌形象，”辛普森说。即便美国日后重新开放国门，他说，“我们也需要一场运动来修复这样一种观念——美国已不再是机遇之地。”International students pay full-freight tuition that helps fund new programs and basic costs at many U.S. colleges. As international enrollment has dropped, many schools are facing budget holes.国际学生支付的全额学费支撑着美国众多高校的新项目开发与基本运转成本。随着国际学生人数下降，很多学校面临预算缺口。Nearly half of the immigrants who legally came to the United States from 2018 to 2022 were college educated, according to the Migration Policy Institute, a nonpartisan think tank. Immigrants are far more likely than U.S. citizens to start businesses; nearly half of this year’s Fortune 500 companies were founded by immigrants or the children of immigrants.根据无党派智库移民政策研究所的数据，2018年至2022年间，合法来到美国的移民中，近一半受过大学教育。移民创业的可能性远高于美国公民；今年的《财富》500强公司中，近半数由移民或移民子女创办。Several studies have found a decline in the number of patents issued for U.S. inventions after the immigration laws of the 1920s.多项研究发现，在20世纪20年代移民法出台之后，美国发明专利申请数量出现下降。“You have an economy that is smaller, less dynamic and less diversified,” said Exequiel Hernandez, a professor at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.“这将导致经济体量萎缩、活力减弱且多样性下降，”宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院教授埃塞奎尔·埃尔南德斯说道。‘What Is the Future?’“未来会怎样？”Over the longer term, low immigration will collide with one inexorable trend: an aging population in need of care just as fewer workers are available to provide it.从长远来看，移民减少将与一个不可逆转的趋势产生冲突：人口老龄化催生护理需求，适龄劳动力却日益短缺。佛罗里达州博卡拉顿高级养老社区西奈公寓的首席执行官蕾切尔·布隆伯格表示，该机构半数员工为移民。Half of the people who work at Sinai Residences, a senior living facility in Boca Raton, Florida, are immigrants. Rachel Blumberg, the CEO, has already had to notify 38 workers from Cuba, Haiti and Venezuela that they will have to go because the Trump administration ended their country’s temporary legal status. That is 9% of her workforce.在佛罗里达州博卡拉顿高级养老社区西奈公寓，员工中有半数来自移民群体。首席执行官蕾切尔·布隆伯格已不得不通知38名来自古巴、海地和委内瑞拉的员工离职，因为特朗普政府终止了这些国家的临时合法居留身份，这批人员占其员工总数的9%。“It was like this funeral that would never end,” she said, of those conversations. “They’re my best employees.”谈及解雇过程时她表示，“找他们谈话的感觉就像一场永远不会结束的葬礼。他们是我最好的员工。”Rural areas and postindustrial cities have long struggled with an exodus of the young and the growing needs of the older residents who are left behind. Many of these places have pinned their futures on immigrants.长期以来，乡村地区和后工业城市一直面临年轻人外流与留守老人需求增长的双重压力。许多地方把未来寄托在移民身上。Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, most famous for a community that has refused to assimilate — the Amish — has over the years also become home to a global marketplace. People from Myanmar now fill the pews of a Mennonite church founded in the 1700s. Scores of Congolese refugees work at local distribution centers. The county seat, Lancaster, has two Nepalese restaurants. Resettling refugees, long a mission of local Mennonites, has become central to Lancaster’s growth strategy.宾夕法尼亚州兰开斯特县以拒绝同化的阿米什教派聚居地而闻名，多年来这里也逐渐成为全球化人口的聚居地。在始建于18世纪的门诺派教堂，长椅上如今坐满了来自缅甸的移民。成群的刚果难民在当地配送中心工作。县城兰开斯特有两家尼泊尔餐馆。安置难民——长期以来是当地门诺派的使命——已成为兰开斯特增长战略的核心。Unlike most Pennsylvania counties, “Lancaster’s numbers are growing,” said Heather Valudes, the president of the Lancaster Chamber of Commerce. “But that is simply because of immigrants.”“与宾州大多数县不同，兰开斯特的人口在增长，”兰开斯特商会主席希瑟·瓦卢德斯说。“但这完全是因为移民。”31岁的艾哈迈德·艾哈迈德三岁时随来自乍得的难民父母来到兰开斯特，如今他担任市议会议员。Ahmed Ahmed, 31, arrived in Lancaster when he was 3. His parents, refugees from Chad, worked as certified nursing assistants, taking care of Lancaster’s elderly; Ahmed became the manager of a local hotel and a City Council member.31岁的艾哈迈德·艾哈迈德三岁时随父母来到兰开斯特。这对来自乍得的难民夫妇成为持证护理助理，照料当地长者；艾哈迈德后来成为当地一家酒店的经理，还当上了市议员。He now supervises some of the immigrants who came after him, including several Cuban refugees who worked at the hotel. This summer, they learned that their temporary work permits had expired. The Haitian workers at the poultry plant learned this, too. As did the Ukrainian employees at the Walmart.现在，他管理着一些后来来到这里的移民，其中包括几名在酒店工作的古巴难民。今年夏天，他们得知自己的临时工作许可已经过期。家禽加工厂的海地工人、沃尔玛的乌克兰员工也面临同样境况。They are now stuck in limbo. The economy is closed to them, but they are unable to return home — the United States does not even allow commercial flights into Haiti. Shut out of the formal workforce, some will probably move to larger cities and look for under-the-table jobs, delivering food or cleaning homes.他们如今进退维谷。经济对他们关上了门，但他们又无法回国——美国甚至不允许飞往海地的商业航班。被排除在正式劳动力市场之外，一些人很可能会搬到更大的城市，寻找“见不得光”的工作，比如送餐或打扫房屋。Ahmed was not sure what became of the Cubans he worked with. He is concerned about them, and also worried about what may lie in store for his adopted hometown.艾哈迈德不清楚那些古巴同事的去向。他既牵挂他们的处境，也担忧这座第二故乡的未来。“This is only Year 1,” he said. “What is the future?”“这才第一年，”他说。“未来会怎样？”Ben Casselman对本文有报道贡献。Lydia DePillis是时报报道美国经济的记者，她从2009年起一直从事新闻工作。可以通过邮件联系她：lydia.depillis@nytimes.com。Campbell Robertson为时报报道特拉华州、哥伦比亚特区、肯塔基州、马里兰州、俄亥俄州、宾夕法尼亚州、弗吉尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州新闻。翻译：杜然点击查看本文英文版。