Federal funds rate: What it is and how it affects you

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See our Advertiser Disclosure.Hal Bundrick, CFP® · Senior Writer, MortgagesUpdated Wed, October 29, 2025 at 7:01 PM GMT+1 4 min readThe FOMC once again lowered the federal funds rate on Oct. 29. It was the second rate cut of 2025, and Wall Street traders currently expect one more rate cut from the Fed before the end of the year.The federal funds rate. The Fed. The FOMC. No doubt you've heard and read these terms before. But what do they mean? How does this impact your financial life?Here's what you need to know about the federal funds rate — and why it matters. We'll keep it really simple.In this article:What is the federal funds rate?Who decides the federal funds rate?Why does the Fed adjust the federal funds rate?How does the federal funds rate affect me?FAQsThe federal funds rate is the interest rate the government sets for one bank to charge another bank for ultra-short-term loans, usually just overnight. It's actually a target rate range. Banks negotiate a specific rate between each other within that target range set by the Federal Reserve.That's it.Learn more: How much control does the president have over the Fed and interest rates?The current federal funds rate is 3.75% to 4.00%.Want more context? Here are some additional details.The federal government used to require banks to hold a certain percentage of their deposits in cash as a reserve. That ended in 2020.When banks were required to have reserves, those funds were held in the U.S. Federal Reserve System, often called "the central bank" or just "the Fed." There are 12 Federal Reserve banks across the nation.Today, banks still hold money at the Fed, but for a different reason: to manage the flow of enormous sums of cash day to day. For example, when a bank moves a great deal of money and needs some extra liquidity, it can borrow the cash from another financial institution through the Federal Reserve System.Now, here's why all of this matters to those of us who aren't bankers.This embedded content is not available in your region.Dig deeper: How has the federal funds rate changed over the last 50 years?Best money market account rates today, October 30, 2025 (earn up to 4.26% APY)Best CD rates today, October 30, 2025 (lock in up to 4.1% APY)Best high-yield savings interest rates today, October 30, 2025 (top account pays 4.2% APY)The U.S. central bank — the Federal Reserve — has a committee that meets eight times a year to set the target range that banks will use to borrow from each other. It's called the Federal Open Market Committee.At these meetings, the FOMC decides whether to raise, lower, or keep that interest rate the same.Even a rate pause makes financial news headlines.The Fed makes these interest rate decisions to adjust the U.S. economy and manage consumer costs. Higher prices on groceries, gas, and most everything else is called inflation.By raising interest rates, the Fed makes borrowing money more expensive. As a result, the economy is expected to slow, and with it, the inflation rate will ease.If the economy needs a boost, the Fed decreases interest rates.If the economic outlook is unclear, the Fed waits.Learn more: How does inflation affect mortgage rates?Those interest rate changes at the very top rung of the financial pyramid trickle all the way down through the banking industry. Since banks pay interest to borrow from each other, they use that baseline cost to set their interest rates for consumers.Everything is impacted:Interest paid on savings and money market accountsInterest paid on high-yield savings accountsInterest paid on certificates of depositInterest charged on credit cardsInterest charged on loans, such as student and auto loansThe federal funds rate does not directly impact mortgage rates, but Fed interest rate moves do influence Treasury bonds and the bond market as a whole. So, a rising or falling fed funds rate will give you an idea of how home loan rates will likely move.So now that you're pretty much a monetary policy expert, when someone asks your group over coffee, "What's up with the fed funds rate?" you can take it.Read more: How Fed rate decisions affect your bank accounts, loans, credit cards, and investmentsThe federal funds rate is the interest rate depository institutions charge each other for overnight loans. The effective federal funds rate (EFFR) is the median rate charged for those loans from the prior business day. Since the fed funds rate range was just lowered to 3.75% to 4.00%, the EFFR will soon fall between those two numbers. The real fed funds rate remains 4.22% today.The federal funds rate is the interest rate banks charge each other for overnight loans. The discount rate is the rate depository institutions pay when they borrow directly from the Federal Reserve.The federal funds rate affects the prime rate, which is the interest rate banks charge consumers for loans. The prime rate is usually about 3 percentage points higher than the fed rate; today it is 7.25%. It is expected to move lower because of the recent cut in the fed funds rate.Since the Fed just reduced the fed funds rate, and the prime rate is typically 3 percentage points higher than the fed rate, the prime rate will likely move lower from 7.25%.This article was edited by Laura Grace Tarpley.How a Fed rate cut affects your bank accounts, loans, credit cards, and investmentsHere's how the Fed's rate cut could impact savings products, various types of loans, and credit cards.