Mathematical Learning Disabilities (MLD) impact 5–10% of school-age children globally, with associated academic challenges and mental health risks garnering significant societal concern. Investigating scholarly work in this domain enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying MLD, informing early intervention strategies. Based on Web of Science data, this study employed CiteSpace for bibliometric visualization analysis of MLD literature, revealing that: (1) Seven European and American scholars form a core group of highly cited authors, and ten foundational papers establishing the field’s theoretical framework; (2)The hotspots of research focus on cognitive mechanisms of mathematical disorders, brain-neurological mechanisms, socio-cultural factors, educational strategies; (3)Developmental trajectories demonstrate a cyclical pattern of “theory construction-practice verification-theory optimization.” Future MLD research will evolve towards precise diagnosis and comprehensive systematic intervention.