How the Federal Reserve's rate decision impacts student loan interest rates

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See our Advertiser Disclosure.BBen LuthiUpdated Wed, December 10, 2025 at 12:30 AM GMT+1 7 min readWith another Federal Reserve meeting on the horizon, many borrowers are watching closely to see whether interest rates will change again.Student loan interest rates are influenced by a variety of factors, including the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve. But exactly how the Fed's decision to raise or lower its federal funds rate affects you depends on the type of student loans and interest rate you have.If you're concerned about rising interest rates or simply want to better understand how student loan interest works, here's what you need to know.One of the Federal Reserve’s main goals is to keep inflation under control. It does this partly by adjusting the federal funds rate — the rate banks charge one another for short-term loans.When inflation rises above the Fed’s 2% target, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) may raise the federal funds rate to cool the economy. That move typically pushes up the prime rate, which banks use to set interest rates on loans and credit cards. As borrowing becomes more expensive, consumers and businesses tend to spend less, which can help bring prices back down.The reverse is also true. When inflation slows or the economy weakens, the Fed may lower rates to encourage borrowing and spending, which can stimulate growth.In short, changes to the federal funds rate ripple through the economy — influencing everything from mortgage rates to credit cards — as the Fed tries to balance inflation and economic stability.The federal funds rate doesn’t directly determine federal student loan interest rates, but it can influence them indirectly. Congress sets the federal student loan rates based on the 10-year Treasury note, adding a fixed margin each year.But the 10-year Treasury yield moves with investor demand, not the Fed’s rate. When investors expect high inflation or strong economic growth, they demand higher yields, which can push federal student loan rates higher.That said, if the Fed’s rate hikes successfully cool inflation, Treasury yields may drop — and the following year’s federal student loan rates could be lower. Still, since federal student loans come with fixed interest rates, any change only affects new loans, not those you already have.Private student loans are offered by banks, credit unions, and online lenders, many of which use the prime rate as a basis for setting their interest rates. The prime rate moves alongside the Federal Reserve’s rate decisions. So, when the Fed raises rates, new private loan rates usually rise, and when it cuts rates, they tend to fall.That said, how much this impacts you depends on your loan type. Fixed-rate loans lock in one rate for the life of the loan, so if you borrow when rates are high, you’ll keep that rate even if they later drop. Variable-rate loans, on the other hand, fluctuate with the market, so your rate and your payment can go up or down over time with the prime rate.Each year, Congress determines interest rates on federal student loans for the entire academic year by taking the 10-year Treasury rate on a specific date in May and adding a margin, which varies by loan type. On May 6, 2025, the 10-year Treasury note high yield was set at 4.342%, with the following margins.Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans for undergraduates: 10-year Treasury yield plus 2.05% (fixed interest rate of 6.39%)Direct Unsubsidized Loans for professional and graduate students: 10-year Treasury yield plus 3.6% (fixed interest rate of 7.94%)Direct PLUS loans for parents of undergrads and for professional students and graduate students: 10-year Treasury yield plus 4.6% (fixed interest rate of 8.94%)These interest rates are standardized within each program. If you apply for financial aid with a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) application and qualify for a federal student loan, you'll receive the same rate as everyone else who qualifies in the same year.On the other hand, private lenders determine interest rates using the prime rate and other benchmarks as well as risk-based pricing. Instead of offering a standardized rate, they typically offer a range of interest rates, with the best student loan rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers and higher rates for borrowers with a higher risk of defaulting on payments.For the 2025-26 school year, federal student loan interest rates are as follows:Among private lenders, interest rates can vary depending on the lender, your creditworthiness and the type of interest rate you choose. That said, the typical fixed interest rate among top private student loan companies ranges from 2.89% to 17.99% as of October 2025.Read more: What is a good student loan interest rate?Up nextHow the Federal Reserve shapes consumer loan ratesYou don't need a minimum credit score or a co-signer to qualify for federal student loans. However, if you're applying for private student loans, a bad credit score will likely prevent you from qualifying — you typically need a credit score in the mid-600s or higher to get approved.Just because you qualify doesn't mean you'll get favorable terms — student loan companies reserve their highest loan amounts and lowest rates for borrowers with credit scores in the mid-700s and higher.If you can't qualify for a private student loan on your own, or you can't get a low interest rate, you can improve your odds by adding a creditworthy co-signer to your application. A co-signer agrees to repay the loan if you can't, so the lender will also consider their credit score and income during the application process.If you don't have a potential co-signer, improving your credit score is your best bet to qualify for a lower rate on a private student loan. Steps you can take include:Checking your credit score to evaluate your overall credit healthReviewing your credit reports to pinpoint areas you can addressPaying your bills on time and, if applicable, getting caught up on missed paymentsPaying down high credit card balancesPaying off loans with low balancesAsking a loved one with good credit to add you as an authorized user on their credit cardDisputing inaccurate or fraudulent information on your credit reportsStudent loan refinancing involves replacing your existing loans with a new one through a private lender. Depending on your situation, refinancing may allow you to secure a lower interest rate or a more favorable repayment plan. If you have several loans, you'll also be able to consolidate them into one monthly payment going forward.If you have private student loans and can qualify for better terms with a refinance loan, there aren't many downsides to refinancing. But if you have federal student loans, it's important to consider what you'll give up if you refinance them with a private lender. The process is irreversible and will result in you losing access to federal benefits, including student loan forgiveness and repayment assistance programs, income-driven repayment plans, and generous forbearance and deferment options.Unless you have a stable job and income and the potential savings are significant, it's best to avoid refinancing federal student loans.Ultimately, while the Federal Reserve plays an indirect but powerful role in shaping student loan interest rates, what really matters is the type of loan you have and how you manage it. Federal loan borrowers can rest easy knowing their fixed rates won’t change, but future students may see higher (or lower) rates depending on where inflation and Treasury yields move.Private loan borrowers, on the other hand, will continue to feel the Fed’s decisions more directly through changes to the prime rate, especially if they have variable-rate loans.If you’re looking to reduce the cost of your student loans, start by reviewing your current interest rates and comparing them with today’s averages. Borrowers with strong credit and steady income may qualify for lower rates through refinancing, which can help save money over time.You can estimate your potential savings with a student loan refinancing calculator, then check your pre-qualified offers from multiple lenders to see what’s available — all without affecting your credit score. Taking the time to explore your options now can make repayment more manageable in the long run.