KEITH BRADSHER2025年11月10日2017年，中国中山一家钨厂的工人。 ReutersThe Chinese government announced on Sunday that it would suspend export controls for a year on five critical minerals that are needed to manufacture certain semiconductors as well as explosives, armor-piercing ammunition, batteries and nuclear reactors.中国政府周日宣布将暂停对五种关键矿物的出口管制，为期一年。这些矿物是制造某些半导体以及炸药、穿甲弹、电池和核反应堆所必需的。The announcement, by the Ministry of Commerce, addressed a key difference between the statements issued by the Chinese government and the White House following a summit in South Korea on Oct. 30 between President Trump and Xi Jinping, China’s top leader.中国商务部发布的这份公告澄清了10月30日特朗普总统与中国领导人习近平在韩国举行会晤后，双方政府各自发表的声明中存在的一个关键差异。After that meeting, China said that it had agreed to a yearlong suspension of a series of export control regulations on rare earth metals and on equipment for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries, semiconductors and solar panels. The Ministry of Commerce followed through on Friday by suspending these regulations.会后，中国方面表示同意暂停一系列关于稀土金属及锂离子电池、半导体和太阳能电池板制造设备的出口管制规定，期限为一年。商务部于上周五暂停了这些管制措施。However, China’s post-summit statement made no mention of easing separate controls that the ministry had imposed in December last year on five other critical materials, which are not rare earth metals. The White House statement said that China had also agreed to issue so-called general licenses, making it easier to obtain these other minerals as well.然而，中国在峰会后的声明并未提及放宽去年12月商务部对另外五种关键材料（虽非稀土金属）所实施的出口限制。白宫声明则称，中国还同意发放所谓的“通用许可”，以便更容易获得这些矿物。There was some confusion after the summit about what exactly the two sides took away from the discussions. Mr. Trump had said that rare earths would no longer be an issue, while Beijing seemed to be more measured by enacting single-year suspensions.峰会结束后，双方究竟达成了哪些共识一度引发外界各种说法。特朗普当时表示，稀土“将不再是个问题”，北京方面则显得更为谨慎，仅宣布一年暂停措施。The ministry’s action on Sunday still differed slightly from what the White House statement had described. The ministry suspended for one year the need for any export licenses for the five minerals, instead of issuing multiyear licenses.商务部周日的行动仍与白宫声明所描述的略有不同。商务部决定暂停这五种矿物出口所需许可证的要求，为期一年，而非发放多年期许可。The restrictions that China had put in place severely limited exports to the United States of gallium and germanium, which are used to make certain types of semiconductors. They also interrupted exports of antimony, used in explosives, and tungsten, which has the highest melting point of any element and is used in armor-piercing ammunition. They also hindered the export of graphite, which is used in nuclear reactors and batteries.此前中国实施的限制措施严重抑制了镓和锗对美出口，这两种金属用于制造特定类型的半导体。限制还中断了锑（用于制造炸药）和钨（熔点最高的元素，用于制造穿甲弹）的出口。此外，石墨（用于核反应堆和电池生产）的出口也受到阻碍。The Ministry of Commerce did not provide any explanation on Sunday on why it had waited more than a week to suspend export controls on the five minerals. The ministry’s press office was closed on Sunday.中国商务部周日未说明为何拖延一周多才决定暂停这五种矿物的出口管制。商务部新闻办周日不办公。China is the dominant miner of all five of these minerals, in addition to producing almost all of the world’s supply of rare earth metals and rare earth magnets. Rare earths are used in the production of cars, drones, robots and many other civilian technologies. One of the rare earth metals for which China now requires export licenses, samarium, is used in supersonic fighter jets and missiles.中国不仅在这五种矿物的开采上居于主导地位，还几乎垄断了全球稀土金属及稀土磁体的生产。稀土被广泛用于汽车、无人机、机器人及多种民用技术的制造。中国目前要求出口许可证的稀土金属钐被用于超音速战斗机和导弹。The Trump administration is working with a wide range of companies to establish supply chains for all the metals and minerals that China has restricted over the past year. But while China has suspended its export controls for one year, the mines and magnet factories needed to replace Chinese production could take several years or longer to build.特朗普政府正与多家企业合作，试图建立覆盖所有过去一年来中国限制出口的金属与矿物的供应链。但尽管中国已暂停出口管制一年，要建成能替代中国产能的矿山与磁体工厂可能仍需数年甚至更久。“Regardless of what’s going on outside of our borders, America still has to address all of the aspects of the critical minerals supply chain and magnet manufacturing,” said Wade Senti, president of Advanced Magnet Lab, a magnet company in Melbourne, Fla.“无论外部局势如何，美国仍必须着手解决关键矿物供应链与磁体制造的各个环节问题，”位于佛罗里达州墨尔本的磁体公司Advanced Magnet Lab总裁韦德·森蒂表示。Xinyun Wu对本文有研究贡献。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。