KATRIN BENNHOLD2025年11月12日The election of Sanae Takaichi was a milestone moment. The last time a woman led Japan was in 1771, when Empress Go-Sakuramachi sat on the imperial throne.高市早苗的当选是一个里程碑时刻。日本上一次由女性领导还是1771年，当时在位的是后樱町天皇。Takaichi’s election means there are now two women who lead their nations in the G7. She joins Giorgia Meloni, the prime minister of Italy. Their predecessors include three British prime ministers — Margaret Thatcher, Theresa May and Liz Truss — Angela Merkel of Germany, Kim Campbell of Canada and Edith Cresson of France.高市早苗的当选意味着七国集团如今已有两位女性国家领导人。她与意大利总理乔治娅·梅洛尼并肩而立。在她们之前还有三位英国首相——玛格丽特·撒切尔、特蕾莎·梅和利兹·特拉斯，以及德国的安格拉·默克尔、加拿大的金·坎贝尔和法国的伊迪丝·克勒松。Notice anything about that group?注意到这个群体的共同点了吗？With the exception of Cresson, a Socialist who was in power for just under a year, all other female G7 leaders have come from the right.除了执政不到一年的社会党人克勒松，其他所有七国集团女性领导人都来自右翼。An exclusive club一个专属俱乐部The primary thing women leaders around the world have in common is that there have been very few of them.全球女性领导人最核心的共同点是：数量极少。The small numbers, and the fact that these women were elected by different countries at different times, make it hard to deduce patterns. Each person’s rise necessarily involved singular circumstances.由于人数稀少，且这些女性在不同国家、不同时期当选，难以总结出规律。每个人的崛起都离不开独特的背景环境。The politics of the women are different too: The center-right Angela Merkel who welcomed migrants into Germany is a very different politician from a Takaichi or a Meloni, both of whom have pushed immigration restrictions.这些女性的政治立场也各不相同：主张接纳移民的中右翼人士默克尔与推动移民限制的高市早苗和梅洛尼截然不同。乔尔吉娅·梅洛尼于2022年成为意大利首位女性总理。 Eric Lee/The New York TimesAnd not all women leaders come from the right. Looking beyond the G7, you can readily find examples of left-leaning heads of government, such as President Claudia Sheinbaum of Mexico and the Danish prime minister, Mette Frederiksen.并非所有女性领导人都来自右翼。放眼七国集团之外，不难找到左翼政府首脑的例子，比如墨西哥总统克劳迪娅·谢恩鲍姆和丹麦首相梅特·弗雷泽里克森。Still, in that group of industrialized nations, the failure of liberal parties to produce female leaders who win is something of a puzzle. In the United States, the two women who have come closest to the presidency were both Democrats, but they lost. In the United Kingdom, Labour has never even chosen a female leader.尽管如此，在G7这个工业化国家集团中，自由派政党始终未能推出赢得选举的女性领导人，这多少有些令人困惑。在美国，两位最接近总统职位的女性都是民主党人，却均以失利告终。在英国，工党从未选出过女性领袖。This may strike some as counterintuitive. Typically, it’s the left that has explicitly championed women in politics, often through the use of instruments like gender quotas, which now exist in roughly half the countries in the world. Much of the right finds these kinds of measures distasteful; Meloni, for her part, opposes them.这可能有些反直觉。通常情况下，是左翼明确倡导女性参政，往往通过性别配额等机制实现——如今全球约半数国家都设有此类配额。而右翼大多对这类措施表示反感，梅洛尼本人就明确反对。Takaichi has talked about the loneliness of being a woman in Japanese politics. But she’s also embraced positions that critics say hold women back. She’s opposed changing a law that requires married couples to share a surname, and has backed efforts to preserve the male lineage of Japan’s imperial family.高市早苗曾谈及日本政坛女性的孤独感，但她同时支持的某些立场在批评者看来反而阻碍女性发展。她反对修改要求夫妻同姓的法律，还支持保留日本皇室的男系继承制度。Iron maiden, iron ladies铁娘子The experts I spoke to suggested a few different dynamics might be interacting with one another.我采访的专家提出，可能有几个不同的因素在相互作用。The push for women in politics, largely from left-leaning parties, can be contagious, both within countries and even across borders, said Pippa Norris, a professor of comparative politics at the Harvard Kennedy School.哈佛大学肯尼迪学院比较政治学教授皮帕·诺里斯表示，主要由左翼政党推动的女性参政浪潮具有传染性——不仅在国家内部，甚至跨越国界。And the more women in politics, the more likely it is that women break into leadership, regardless of what party they belong to.政坛中的女性越多，女性跻身领导层的可能性就越大，无论她们属于哪个政党。Germany’s Social Democrats instituted gender quotas in 1988, which put pressure on the conservatives to include more women on their electoral lists. One of the women who was elected to the Bundestag in the next election was a young Angela Merkel.德国社民党于1988年推行性别配额制，这给保守党带来压力，促使其在选举名单中纳入更多女性。在随后的选举中当选联邦议院议员的就包括年轻的安格拉·默克尔。And a close look at each woman’s individual rise to power does reveal some patterns, said Silvana Koch-Mehrin, the founder of a network of current and former women political leaders.一个研究现任及前任女性政治领导人的网络的创始人西尔瓦娜·科赫-梅林表示，仔细观察每位女性的个人崛起之路，确实能发现一些规律。Many of the early women leaders came to power as outsiders in a moment of political crisis. Thatcher rose in the 1970s when Britain was in economic and political turmoil. Merkel won her party’s leadership after a corruption scandal in the early 2000s. May became leader in the messy aftermath of the Brexit vote.许多早期女性领导人都是在政治危机中以局外人身份掌权的。撒切尔在20世纪70年代英国陷入经济和政治动荡时崛起；默克尔在21世纪初的腐败丑闻后赢得党内领导权；特蕾莎·梅则在脱欧公投后的混乱局面中成为领袖。安格拉·默克尔出席2009年北约峰会。 Todd Heisler/The New York TimesToday, political crisis has become the norm.如今，政治危机已成为常态。That is both fueling the rise of the hard-line right and lending credibility to leaders who can sell themselves as being different from those who came before. And women vying for roles that were previously held almost exclusively by men are inherently outsiders.这既助长了强硬右翼的崛起，又为那些能标榜自己与前任不同的领导人提供可信度。而角逐那些此前几乎由男性垄断职位的女性本质上就是局外人。Meloni was elected after a decade of post-Berlusconi, testosterone-fueled turmoil that saw Italy churn through six prime ministers. In France, Marine Le Pen’s far right is the most popular force in a country that has seen four governments in less than a year. In Japan, Takaichi, an Iron Maiden fan and amateur drummer who beat out four men to become leader of the L.D.P., takes the helm of a party that has been losing support, in a country that has been dealing with stubborn economic stagnation.梅洛尼的当选发生在后贝卢斯科尼时代充斥男性荷尔蒙的十年混乱之后——这期间意大利换了六位总理。在法国，玛丽娜·勒庞领导的极右翼势力成为最受欢迎的政治力量，而该国在不到一年内就换了四届政府。在日本，铁娘子乐队歌迷、业余鼓手高市早苗击败四位男性当选自民党领袖，接手了这个支持率下滑的政党，日本本身也正面临顽固的经济停滞。The rise of women on the right is intriguing. It may also be short-lived. The steady growth of the number of women in parliaments in recent decades that has helped right-wing women to power has now stalled. On the other hand, France, where Le Pen continues to outpoll her rivals, is slated to hold its next presidential election in 2027.右翼女性的崛起颇具看点，但也可能是短暂的。近几十年来，议会女性人数的稳步增长是助力右翼女性掌权的因素，如今这一增长已陷入停滞。另一方面，法国定于2027年举行下一次总统大选，而勒庞的支持率持续领先对手。本文节译自“The World”新闻简报。翻译：晋其角