ANA SWANSON, TONY ROMM2025年8月1日墨西哥的贸易协议谈判期限得到了延长。 Sandy Huffaker/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesPresident Trump unveiled a battery of new tariffs on Thursday targeting exports from dozens of U.S. trading partners, as he followed through with a disruptive plan to remake global trade.特朗普总统周四公布了一系列针对数十个美国贸易伙伴出口商品的新关税，实施了他重塑全球贸易的颠覆性计划。Steep tariffs on more than 60 countries are set to snap into place at 12:01 a.m. Aug. 7, as the president realizes his vision for changing trade patterns he has long criticized as unfair and made central to his presidential campaign. Tariffs will range as high as 50 percent on some countries that the president has deemed to have unbalanced trade or that have not offered concessions to Washington in recent negotiations.对60多个国家的高额关税将于8月7日凌晨0点01分正式生效。特朗普总统一直批评现有贸易模式不公平，并将其作为竞选总统的核心议题，如今正践行自己改变贸易格局的愿景。对于那些被总统认为存在贸易失衡、或在近期谈判中未对美国做出让步的国家，关税税率可高达50%。The administration had disclosed some tariff rates for countries on the president’s social media account or in fact sheets over the past several weeks, but the specific rates that importers and exporters would need to pay to move certain goods across U.S. borders had remained unclear until just hours before the president’s self-imposed deadline of Aug. 1.过去几周，美国政府通过特朗普总统的社交媒体账号或情况说明文件披露了部分国家的关税税率，但直到特朗普自行设定的8月1日截止日期前几小时，进出口商在跨境运输特定商品时需支付的具体税率仍不明确。On Thursday night, the administration released the new rates in an executive order that argued that the U.S. trade deficit was “an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and economy of the United States.”周四晚间，政府在一项行政命令中公布了新税率，称美国的贸易逆差“对美国的国家安全和经济构成异常且严重的威胁”。The order also delayed the date when the tariffs will take effect from Aug. 1, as the president had originally planned, until Aug. 7. Goods that are loaded onto ships before the Aug. 7 date and enter the United States before Oct. 5 will also not be subject to the new tariffs, the administration said.该命令还将关税生效日期从总统最初计划的8月1日推迟至8月7日。政府表示，8月7日之前装船且10月5日之前进入美国的商品，也无需缴纳新关税。In replacing tariff rates that the United States negotiated with other countries and that have been in place for decades, the president is introducing a trading system of his own imagining, one that is much more protectionist and isolationist than before.在取代美国与其他国家谈判达成并已实施数十年的关税税率后，总统正推行一套他自己构想的贸易体系，这套体系比以往更具保护主义和孤立主义色彩。Eswar Prasad, a professor of trade policy at Cornell University, called it “a dark day in the annals of global trade integration, which was once seen as having so much promise in bringing countries together around a vision of shared prosperity.”康奈尔大学贸易政策教授埃斯瓦尔·普拉萨德称，这是“全球贸易一体化史上的黑暗一天，而这种一体化曾被视为极有希望将各国凝聚在共同繁荣的愿景之下”。“Trump has decisively and irrevocably taken the hammer to the global rules-based trading system, breaking it apart in a way that is going to be difficult to put together again for a long time to come,” he said.“特朗普断然且不可逆转地向基于规则的全球贸易体系挥下了重锤，将其击碎，这在未来很长一段时间内都将难以重新整合起来，”他说。Administration officials signaled they remained open to additional negotiations. Earlier Thursday, Karoline Leavitt, the White House press secretary, said the United States had struck deals with many major trading partners that had opened markets and pledged to invest in the United States, even though the terms of those deals remained hazy.政府官员表示，他们仍对进一步谈判持开放态度。周四早些时候，白宫新闻秘书卡罗琳·莱维特称，美国已与许多主要贸易伙伴达成协议，这些协议开放了市场，并承诺在美国投资，尽管协议具体条款仍不明确。“The rest of those countries that either do not have a deal or have a letter, they will be hearing from this administration by the midnight deadline tonight,” Ms. Leavitt said.“其他那些要么未达成协议、要么没收到信的国家，将在今晚午夜截止日期前收到本届政府的通知，”莱维特说。The president said Thursday that he had struck trade deals with several countries that day, but did not specify which ones. A senior administration official who briefed reporters also declined to say.总统周四表示，他当天已与几个国家达成贸易协议，但未指明具体是哪些国家。一位向记者通报情况的高级政府官员也拒绝透露。Few nations were spared by Mr. Trump’s orders. One of America’s biggest trading partners, Canada, would have tariffs on its exports to the United States increase to 35 percent from 25 percent, although the president exempted all goods traded under a deal he brokered with Canada and Mexico during his first term.特朗普的命令几乎未放过任何国家。美国最大的贸易伙伴之一加拿大对美出口商品的关税将从25%提高至35%，不过总统豁免了他在第一任期内与加拿大和墨西哥达成的协议框架下交易的所有商品。Bolivia, Ecuador, Iceland and Nigeria would have tariff rates set at 15 percent, while exports from Sri Lanka and Taiwan would be subject to duties of 20 percent. The highest rates appeared to be those targeting Syria, Laos and Myanmar, at 40 or 41 percent, as well as Brazil at 50 percent — tariff levels that could cripple those country’s exports and raise costs for American consumers.玻利维亚、厄瓜多尔、冰岛和尼日利亚的关税税率将定为15%，斯里兰卡和台湾的出口商品将面临20%的关税。最高税率似乎针对叙利亚、老挝和缅甸（40%和41%）——以及巴西（50%）——这样的关税水平可能会重创这些国家的出口，并增加美国消费者的成本。Some of the tariff rates reflect preliminary trade deals brokered between the United States and a handful of trading partners in recent weeks, including Britain, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea and the European Union. Those countries appeased Mr. Trump by offering to purchase vast amounts of American energy and airplanes, make investments in U.S. factories and lower their barriers to U.S. exports of farm and industrial goods.部分关税税率反映了美国近几周与少数贸易伙伴达成的初步贸易协议，这些伙伴包括英国、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、日本、韩国和欧盟。这些国家通过承诺购买大量美国能源和飞机、投资美国工厂、降低对美国农产品和工业产品出口的壁垒，来安抚特朗普。Countries that have agreed to these preliminary deals will be subject to tariffs of between 10 to 20 percent, lower than what the president threatened originally but still vastly higher than historical levels.已同意这些初步协议的国家将面临10%至20%的关税，虽低于总统最初威胁的水平，但仍远高于历史水平。Earlier Thursday, Mr. Trump wrote on his social media account that he had concluded a call with Claudia Sheinbaum, Mexico’s president, and agreed to pause any escalation in tariffs on Mexico for 90 days, “with the goal of signing a Trade Deal.” He did not mention the existing trade deal between the United States, Mexico and Canada, which he updated and signed in his first term.周四早些时候，特朗普在其社交媒体账号上写道，他已与墨西哥总统克劳迪娅·希恩鲍姆通话，同意将对墨西哥关税的任何升级暂停90天，“目标是签署一项贸易协议。”他没有提及美国、墨西哥和加拿大之间现有的贸易协议，该协议在他第一任期内得到更新和签署。Separately, top U.S. officials also met with their Chinese counterparts in Stockholm this week to discuss extending a trade truce that expires Aug. 12. Chinese officials said afterward they had secured a 90-day extension on any tariff increase, while Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said on CNBC on Thursday that an extension was likely.此外，美国高级官员本周还在斯德哥尔摩与中国同级官员会面，讨论延长8月12日到期的贸易休战协议。中国官员随后表示，他们已确保关税不会在90天内提高，而美国财政部长贝森特周四在CNBC上表示，延长休战协议的可能性很大。“There’s still a few technical details to be worked out on the Chinese side between us,” Mr. Bessent said. “I’m confident that it will be done, but it’s not 100 percent done.”“我们与中方之间仍有一些技术细节需要敲定，”贝森特说，“我有信心能解决，但目前还未100%敲定。”Greta M. Peisch, a former trade official and a lawyer at the Washington firm Wiley Rein, said that the administration had made clear that there was “a real deadline,” but was still likely to be open to further deal-making. “I don’t think they’re going to close the door to it,” she said.前贸易官员、华盛顿律师事务所威利·莱因的律师格里塔·佩施表示，政府已明确表示存在“一个真正的截止日期”，但仍可能对进一步谈判持开放态度。“我认为他们不会关闭谈判的大门，”她说。The administration has said that its trade deals will open foreign markets for U.S. farmers and factories and boost American prosperity. But economists have warned that the tariffs are likely to raise costs for American consumers and slow the economy.政府称，其贸易协议将为美国农民和工厂打开外国市场，促进美国繁荣。但经济学家警告，关税可能会增加美国消费者的成本，并拖累经济增长。The tariffs also face potential legal obstacles, and could ultimately be struck down in the coming months. On Thursday, a federal appeals court heard arguments in a case brought by states and businesses that say the president exceeded his authority under law by issuing such sweeping duties.这些关税还面临潜在的法律障碍，可能在未来几个月被推翻。周四，一家联邦上诉法院听取了各州和企业提起的诉讼的辩论，这些诉讼称总统颁布如此全面的关税，超出了其法律授权。For companies that depend on international business, the last-minute announcement sowed confusion and uncertainty, with companies unsure late in the day on Thursday whether their imports would be subject to much steeper tariffs the next day.对于依赖国际业务的公司而言，这一最后时刻的公告引发了困惑和不确定性。周四晚些时候，各公司仍不确定自己的进口商品是否会在次日面临大幅提高的关税。Richard A. Mojica, a customs attorney at Miller & Chevalier Chartered, said that his law firm had constructed a complex flow chart to counsel companies that were trying to figure out how to calculate the various new tariffs they would pay, which he said was “not as simple as it has been historically.”米勒·谢瓦利耶律师事务所的海关律师理查德·莫希卡表示，他的律所制作了一个复杂的流程图，为那些试图弄清楚如何计算需支付的各种新关税的公司提供咨询。他说，这“不像过去那么简单了”。“It’s just a very complicated landscape,” he said.“这是一个非常复杂的局面，”他说。Lydia DePillis自首尔对本文有报道贡献。Ana Swanson报道贸易和国际经济新闻，常驻华盛顿。她从事新闻工作已超过十年。Tony Romm是时报驻华盛顿记者，报道经济政策和特朗普政府。翻译：晋其角点击查看本文英文版。