Facile strategy toward the development of novel binder and thickening agent from apple rock bael for textile printingDownload PDF Download PDF ArticleOpen accessPublished: 28 July 2025N. S. Elshemy1,3,S. H. Nassar1,Nancy S. Elhawary1 &…Mona M. Ali2 Scientific Reports volume 15, Article number: 27377 (2025) Cite this articleSubjectsBiotechnologyEnvironmental sciencesEnvironmental social sciencesAbstractThis study focuses on isolating a natural binder and thickening agent derived from the Aegle marmelous fruit. The isolated natural gum can be effectively employed as a binder and thickening agent in fabric printing applications. The findings indicate that this natural gum has remarkable rheological characteristics, essential for achieving optimal printing results. Microwave irradiation techniques and thermal bonding, varying in duration, power, and temperature, were employed to fix the printed samples that utilized the isolated natural gum. The results demonstrated that printed textiles exhibited excellent color fastness, with samples treated via microwave fixation showing enhanced color saturation, as evidenced by higher K/S values. A thorough evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties was conducted, including assessments of color yield, uniformity, absorption, and fixing efficiency. The results indicate that both weight loss and water absorption tend to increase over time. The natural gum isolated from Aegle marmelous shows minimal loss and absorption, in contrast to commercial gum (Sodium alginate), which exhibits significantly higher levels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) highlights distinct differences in particle morphology between the two types of gum; the commercial variety presents spherical aggregates, while the isolated natural gum features elongated thread-like particles. Extended microwave exposure leads to enhanced color intensity, which is influenced by the fabric structure and type of gum used. The K/S value peaks at 70 watts and subsequently decreases at 90 watts for printed cotton and cotton/polyester blends, while printed wool achieves the best results at 50 watts for 60 s. Closed samples consistently show enhanced K/S values, irrespective of the microwave settings. Regarding thermo fixation, as fixation temperatures and duration increase, K/S values typically rise, except for printed cotton. The K/S values reached their maximum at 160 °C for 6 min for wool and polyester/cotton blends, whereas cotton peaked at 140 °C under the same conditions. The observed variations in color yield, penetration, and fixation percentages among the different fabrics are attributed to their unique chemical compositions and characteristics, as well as the effects of microwave irradiation. Furthermore, employing pulsed microwave irradiation helps regulate temperature and mitigate exothermic reactions, resulting in improved dye-fabric interactions and overall stability of the dyeing process. This thorough analysis highlights the potential of utilizing natural agents derived from Aegle marmelous in contemporary textile printing, supporting sustainable practices while upholding performance standards.IntroductionThe rise in demand for environmentally sustainable binders and thickening agents within the textile printing sector can be attributed to advancements in technology. Traditionally, synthetic chemical thickening has been employed in textile processing, which unfortunately can lead to the generation of hazardous byproducts such as nitrosamines, azo dyes, and various acidic compounds, posing threats to both ecological balance and human health1,2,3,4,5. By integrating eco-friendly, non-toxic binders and thickening agents into textiles, the formation of these harmful substances can be mitigated, thereby fostering a shift towards materials derived from less harmful sources, including those of plant and animal origins. Moreover, the incorporation of cellulose into textiles has been recognized as a significant enhancer of the optical properties of fabrics, leveraging its capacity to improve overlap characteristics6,7,8,9. Recent studies have explored the potential of natural materials as binders and thickening agents within the textile domain. Despite these advancements, there remains a gap in extraction methodologies designed to effectively evaluate the qualitative potential of valuable cellulose content in these materials. Notably, in various regions, the fruits of Aegle marmelous have gained attention as a viable natural resource, containing substantial carbohydrate quantities10,11,12,13,14.In recent years, manufacturers in least developed and emerging nations have prioritized producing low-cost, value-added products while complying with sustainability standards. The textile and garment industries face social, economic, and environmental challenges in adopting environmentally friendly practices, leading to a loss of cost advantages. The garment industry significantly harms the environment due to high energy and water use and the employment of harmful dyes and chemicals. Additionally, business operations often generate excessive pollution and waste. The fast fashion trend, seen in retailers like Walmart and GAP, contributes to increased consumer waste. Despite these challenges, there is a growing global emphasis on social, economic, and environmental responsibility among consumers. Clothing produced under slow fashion trends uses recyclable, eco-friendly materials aimed at sustainable production, though meeting these standards can be difficult. The ethical beliefs of producers and consumers are crucial in this transition. Addressing the ecological and financial damage from the garment sector demands substantial time and resources15,16,17,18,19,20,21.This study focused on the potential benefits and properties associated with utilizing Aegle marmelous fruits, alongside their innovative hydro-metallurgical extraction process, which presents a promising alternative to conventional chemical approaches in textile printing. It is necessary to produce textiles with less harmful outputs to defend the global environment. Environmentally friendly materials are replacing those with highly toxic substances22,23,24,25,26. However, we still need more information to establish the most comprehensive classification of natural materials for printing processes. Furthermore, using a combination of binders and thickening agents from the same source represents a significant innovation in studying commercially interesting fields such as technology, science, and economics.Textile industries can utilize various benefits of materials to create more unique and attractive fabrics, and the use of large-scale thickening directly leads to cheaper textiles. Filling the gap with currently missing research objectives would contribute to new environmental directions with valuable natural resources27,28,29,30,31. Furthermore, providing information on the historical use of medicinal plants can enhance the overall utility of thickening and add unique value to the assisted textiles. Thickening happens when the substrate area extends. It resists three types of cotton fabric abrasion, tenacity, and elongation testing. It may be convenient to transfer32,33,34,35,36. A binder, containing hydroxyethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and gum, can be used within a suitable printing machine, providing antimicrobial benefits and incorporating thickening from natural resources into textiles. Cotton fabric handles also assess their wetness, stiffness, hardness, smoothness, thickness, softness, and flexibility.All previous studies were conducted to study the use of extracted materials as a thickener only, but their use as an alternative to thickeners and binders was not studied. So, this research aims to extract the resinous substance found in the Aegle marmelous and the possibility of using it as an alternative to thickener and or a binder in textile printing.MethodsFabricsMiser Co. supplied mill scoured, and mercerized plain-weave cotton fabric and 60:40 polyester/cotton blend fabric (spinning and weaving in El Mahalla El-Kobra, Egypt).Miser Co. provided 100% wool fabrics, which had undergone mill-scouring to spin and weave.To achieve the removal of contaminants, a methodical washing process was implemented as follows:$$\:\text{C}\text{o}\text{t}\text{t}\text{o}\text{n}\:\text{f}\text{a}\text{b}\text{r}\text{i}\text{c}\text{s}+\:3\text{g}/\text{l}\text{n}\text{o}\text{n}\:\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}\text{i}\text{c}\:\text{d}\text{e}\text{t}\text{e}\text{r}\text{g}\text{e}\text{n}\text{t}\:\left(\text{H}\text{o}\text{s}\text{t}\text{a}\text{p}\text{a}\text{l}\:\text{C}\text{V}\right),+\:3\text{g}/\text{l}{\text{N}\text{a}}_{2}\:\text{C}{\text{O}}_{3}\xrightarrow{{90}^{^\circ\:\:\:}\text{C},\:60\text{m}\text{i}\text{n}.}\:\text{C}\text{o}\text{l}\text{d}\:{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}\:\xrightarrow{\text{d}\text{r}\text{i}\text{e}\text{d}.\:}\text{a}\text{t}\:\text{r}\text{o}\text{o}\text{m}\:temp$$$$\:Polyester/Cotton+5g/l\:{Na}_{2}C{O}_{3\:}\left(Sodium\:cabonate\right)\xrightarrow{{50}^{^\circ\:\:\:}C,\:\:\:30\:min}\:Cold\:{H}_{2}O\xrightarrow{dried}\:at\:room\:temp$$Aegle marmelouse were purchased from the commercial market, Cairo, Egypt. The botanical specimen Aegle marmelos, referred to as bael, was first systematically categorized and documented by botanist Lorenzo Benoît Correa. He designated the species as Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, where the ‘L.’ signifies the prior classification established by Linnaeus. Correa’s findings were disseminated in the early 19th century. This plant is available in herbal shops in our country and can be obtained ripe in July and June (37).ChemicalsNonionic detergent (Hostapal CV), characterized as an anionic textile auxiliary derived from alkyl aryl-polyglycol ether.Sodium alginate used as a commercial thickener derived from Clarient.Other chemicals (sodium bicarbonate, acetic acid, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate are classified as laboratory-grade chemicals.Gum extraction from Aegle marmelous fruitsAnalyzing the process of gum isolated from the fruits of Aegle marmelous reveals a significant interplay between the biochemical constituents of the fruit and the methodologies employed in the extraction process. The Aegle marmelous, commonly known as bael fruit, contains various polysaccharides and other compounds that facilitate the production of gum. The extraction typically involves methods such as solvent extraction or mechanical means to isolate the gum from the fruit’s pulp and other materials. This process necessitates a careful consideration of factors such as temperature, solvent type, and extraction time, all of which can influence the yield and quality of the gum obtained. Understanding these aspects is crucial for optimizing extraction techniques and ensuring the purity of the final product for potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors38,39,40,41,42,43.Collected bael fruits, were partially ripe and subsequently bisected after the hard pericarp was broken. The amber-colored, dense, and sticky translucent gummy material, along with seeds and pulp, was mashed in a 2% v/v glacial acetic acid solution (as a catalyst) to create a slurry. This mixture was then boiled in a water bath for 10 min and left to rest overnight. The slurry was filtered using muslin cloth to eliminate debris. Excess acetone (as a precipitating agent) was utilized to precipitate the gum. The residual solvent removed By evaporation and washing. The gum was dried in a vacuum oven at 50 °C and ground to yield a light brown powder (Fig. 1)44.Fig. 1Microwave-assisted gum extraction from Aegle marmelous fruit.Full size imageColoringPigment Red 210 (Fig. 2).Fig. 2(Source: www.dyestuffintermediates.com)Chemical configuration of Coloring Red 210.Full size imagePreparation of the printing pasteThe printing paste was crafted independently using the extracted gum functioning as both a binder and thickening agent, thereby eliminating the necessity for additional stiffening or thickening components. The formulation details used to produce the printing paste are documented in Table 145,46.Table 1 Formulation of the printing paste.Full size tablePrinting techniqueUsing a manual flat silk screen printing technique, all the samples were meticulously washed with cold water after the fixation process and dried at room temperature.Fixation methodsUnder the effect of microwave irradiation at different Watts and time/sec (cover or leave it off).Thermo fixation at different temperature/°C and different times/minutes.All the samples subjected to fixation undergo a washing process (2 g/l, L.R 1:50, at 60 °C for 10 min).Analysis and measurementsRheological measurementRheological and apparent viscosity were conducted utilizing a 9Brookfield DV-111 Programmable Rheometer (USA) across a range of shear rates from 3.4 to 68 s⁻¹) at 25 °C (Eq. 1)47,48.$$\eta\:\left(apparent\:viscosity\:in\:poise\right)=\frac{t\:\left(sharing\:stress\right(dyne/{cm}^{2})}{D\:\left(rate\:of\:share\:\right({S}^{-1})}$$(1)The water absorbency of extracted natural gum1)Generated extracted gum films by placing the thickening material in Petri dishes,2)Dry in the air.3)Cured (for 4 min) at (160 °C), then cooled overnight at room temperature.4)Weight of each thickening film.5)Each films were immersed in distilled water for (6, 12, 24, and 48 h) at room temperature.6)Removed excess surface water using filter paper, and reweighed the swollen films.7)Calculated the water absorbency (Eq. 2)49.$$\:Water\:absorbence\:\left(\%\right)=\:\frac{{W}_{1}\left(weight\:of\:the\:swollen\:sample\right)}{W\:\left(weight\:of\:the\:original\:sample\right)}\times\:100$$(2)Weight loss of extracted natural gumThe natural gum films were generated utilizing the method outlined above. These films underwent a curing process lasting 4 min at a temperature of 160 °C, after which they were allowed to cool at room temperature for 24 h. The weight of the films was subsequently recorded. Following this, the films were subjected to treatment with distilled water for varying time intervals of 24 and 48 h. After the treatment, a drying phase at room temperature was implemented for an additional 24 h, and the films were reweighed. The resulting weight loss was determined using Eqs. 350,51.$$\:Weight\:loss\:\left(\%\right)=\:\frac{{W}_{2}\left(dry\:weight\:of\:the\:film\:after\:treatment\right)}{W\left(dry\:weight\:of\:the\:film\:before\:treatment\right)}\times\:100$$(3)Color measurementsColor strength (K/S) of all printed and cured was conducted at a specific wavelength (525 nm). By employing reflectance measurements with the Perkin–Elmer (Lambda 3 B) spectrophotometer equipped with pulsed xenon lamps as a light source (Ultra Scan Pro, Hunter Lab, USA), Eq. (4)48,49,50,51,52.$$\:\raisebox{1ex}{$K$}\!\left/\:\!\raisebox{-1ex}{$S$}\right.=\frac{{\left(1-R\right)}^{2}}{2R}-\frac{{\left(1-{R}_{0}\right)}^{2}}{2{R}_{0}}$$(4)where K is the absorption coefficient; S is the dispersion coefficient; and R is the reflectance of the cloth at its maximum wavelength49.Color yieldThe K/S values from each printed sample were assessed at three separate points, ensuring the absence of folds, utilizing a Perkin-Elmer (Lambda 3 B) visible spectrophotometer. The samples underwent analysis from the top and bottom across both surfaces (Eq. 5)51,52$$\:Penetration\:\left(\%\right)=\:\frac{{\left(K/S\right)}_{1}\left(color\:strength\:of\:the\:face\:side\right)}{\frac{\left[\left({K/S}_{1}\right)+\:{\left(K/S\right)}_{2}\left(color\:strength\:of\:the\:bottom\:side\right)\right]}{2}}\times\:100$$(5)ColorfastnessThe assessment of colorfastness was performed under standardized methods (AATCC 08-2007) and AATCC 61-200950,51,52,53,54.Bio-degradation studyThe biodegradability of isolated gum samples was examined using the soil/compost burial method, which involved a 50:50 weight ratio. Soil sourced from Cairo, Egypt, was carefully placed into pots. The isolated gums are drying at 40 °C for 12 h. Subsequently, 20 individual isolated gum samples (0.50 g) were buried in separate pots at a depth of 3 centimeters. The pots were kept at ambient temperature and were irrigated every three days with 50 milliliters of water. The weight of each isolated gum sample was measured every seven days throughout 7 weeks. After each interval, the samples were washed with water and dried at 40 °C for an additional 12 h. The weight, represented as a percentage of weight loss, was recorded over time and used to calculate the percentage of biodegradability using specific Eq. 6.$$\:Biodegradability\%=\frac{Initial\:weight\:of\:sample\:-\:Final\:weight\:of\:sample}{Final\:weight\:of\:sample}\times\:100$$(6)Statistical analysisAll experiments and analyses were conducted a minimum of three times each. For the statistical analysis, various methods were employed, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s test for mean significance. These analyses were performed at a significance level of p 0.9896 for isolated gum and R² > 0.9909 for the commercial gum) between biodegradability percentage and time, as depicted in Fig. 10. It is worthy said that The corresponding linear equations suggest that commercial gum is expected to fully biodegrade within approximately 2.23 years (or 24.3 months), which is significantly shorter than the 2.00 years (or 24 months) estimated for the isolated gum.Fig. 10The percentage of biodegradability observed for both isolated and commercial gums was assessed over three weeks in conditions simulating burial within soil or compost.Full size imageConclusionThis study focused on whether the natural gum isolated from the Aegle marmelous fruit can be used in textile printing paste for stuff like thickening agents and binders. The result indicated that the rheological properties of the paste containing the isolated natural gum were unique. The printing paste showed a noticeable boost in apparent viscosity, and this effect didn’t seem to depend on how much gum they used or the pH levels. Plus, the pastes showed some non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic behavior, meaning the relationship between shear stress and shear rate wasn’t straightforward, and the flow curves sort of lined up nicely when going up and down. When they compared it to commercial thickening agents, the natural gum from Aegle marmelous had way less weight loss and water absorption. And get this—fabrics printed with this gum, used as both a thickening agent and binder, looked way better in terms of color brightness and lasted longer than those printed with other natural gums. Before comparing it to samples done with standard methods, the printed fabrics got a fix with microwave irradiation for different times and power levels. They discovered that using microwave radiation was super effective for reviving different printed fabric surfaces. 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Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 62(Special Issue (Part 2) Innovation in Chemistry), pp.627–644 (2019). https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2019.17500.2075Download referencesAcknowledgementsTechnical support from the National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, is gratefully acknowledged.FundingOpen access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Dyeing and Textile Printing, Textile Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, EgyptN. S. Elshemy, S. H. Nassar & Nancy S. ElhawaryFaculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptMona M. AliDepartment of Dyeing, Printing, and Textile Auxiliaries, Textile Research and Technology Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, EgyptN. S. ElshemyAuthorsN. S. ElshemyView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarS. H. NassarView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarNancy S. ElhawaryView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarMona M. AliView author publicationsSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarContributionsS.H.Nassar and Nancy S. carried out the studies, participated in collecting data, and drafted the manuscript. M.Ali formed the measurement analysis and participated in its design. N.S.elshemy participated in acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data and write the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to N. S. 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