KEITH BRADSHER2025年7月24日中国内蒙古，边境小城满洲里的主题公园。 Trainloads of Siberian lumber cross China’s border, ready to be sliced and polished into furniture components and chopsticks. Truckloads of Russian rapeseed come across to be crushed for canola oil. And at a palatial used car showroom, Russians buy late-model used cars to send back to their hometowns.一列列满载西伯利亚木材的火车穿越中俄国境，这些木材将被切割打磨成家具部件和筷子。一辆辆卡车将俄罗斯油菜籽运过边境，用来压榨成菜籽油。在一座富丽堂皇的二手车展厅里，俄罗斯人正选购新款二手车，准备运回家乡。As is visible in Manzhouli, China’s main border crossing with Russia, the two countries’ economies are increasingly intertwined. China is the biggest buyer of Russian oil, timber and coal, and it will soon be the biggest buyer of Russian natural gas. Trade between the two countries exceeded $240 billion last year, up two-thirds since Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022. China has supplied many of the drones and drone components used by Russia in the conflict.在中国与俄罗斯的主要边境口岸满洲里，两国经济的日益交织显而易见。中国是俄罗斯石油、木材和煤炭的最大买家，即将成为俄罗斯天然气的最大买家。去年，两国贸易额突破2400亿美元，2022年2月俄罗斯入侵乌克兰以来增长了三分之二。俄罗斯在冲突中使用的许多无人机及零部件都由中国供应。China’s staunch support for Russia’s economy has helped Moscow survive: Dozens of countries have barred Russia from much of the global financial system, upending its economy at home.中国对俄罗斯经济的坚定支持帮助莫斯科挺过了难关：数十个国家将俄罗斯排除在全球金融体系的大部分领域之外，扰乱了它的国内经济。满洲里自1900年以来一直是中俄两国的主要边境口岸，当时俄罗斯在这里修建了一条铁路线，通过满洲里进入中国东北。满洲里的一条街道。目前，俄罗斯经济的近6%来自对中国的出口，这一份额与伊朗相当，伊朗也受到制裁，其石油几乎全部销往中国。China has had the opposite reaction to Russia’s war on Ukraine.中国对俄罗斯发动的乌克兰战争的反应完全相反。“China-Russia relations represent the most stable, mature and strategically significant major-country relationship in the world today,” Wang Yi, China’s foreign minister, said this month after meeting Foreign Minister Sergey V. Lavrov of Russia.“中俄关系是当今世界最稳定、最成熟、最富有战略价值的一组大国关系，”中国外交部长王毅本月在会见俄罗斯外长拉夫罗夫后表示。By backing Russia so enthusiastically, China’s leaders have put new strain on their country’s relationship with the European Union. If Beijing had distanced itself from Moscow, Europe might have turned toward China as President Trump threatened tariffs on European goods this year.中国对俄罗斯的大力支持给中国与欧盟的关系带来了新的压力。如果北京与莫斯科保持距离，那么在特朗普总统今年威胁要对欧洲商品加征关税的情况下，欧洲或许会向中国靠拢。European Union leaders met with Chinese officials on Thursday for a summit in Beijing. They are expected to ask again that Xi Jinping, China’s top leader, reduce China’s economic and industrial support for Russia’s war in Ukraine. Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, said this month that China’s stance on the war in Ukraine would be “a determining factor” for the bloc’s relations with Beijing.欧盟领导人周四在北京与中国官员举行峰会。他们预计会再次要求中国最高领导人习近平减少对俄罗斯战争的经济和产业支持。欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩本月表示，中国在乌克兰战争问题上的立场将是欧盟与中国关系的“决定性因素”。“China’s unyielding support for Russia is creating heightened instability and insecurity here in Europe,” she said. “We can say that China is de facto enabling Russia’s war economy — we cannot accept this.”“中国对俄罗斯的坚定支持正在给欧洲带来越来越多的不稳定和不安全，”她说，“可以说，中国实际上在助长俄罗斯的战争经济——这是我们无法接受的。”满洲里草原上的马群。去年，中俄贸易额高达2400亿美元，自2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰以来增长了三分之二。中国还向俄罗斯提供了许多在冲突中使用的无人机和零部件。Much of the trade between China and Russia has long run through Manzhouli. Russia built a rail line through the city into northeastern China in 1900. Today, trains and trucks from Russia cross into China, many of them carrying timber or freshly cut boards: pine for construction and furniture, white birch for chopsticks, aspen for framing concrete and sturdy elm for coal mine supports.长期以来，中俄之间的大量贸易都通过满洲里进行。1900年，俄罗斯修建了一条穿过这座城市进入中国东北的铁路。如今，来自俄罗斯的火车和卡车源源不断地进入中国，其中许多装载着木材或新切割的板材：用于建筑和制作家具的松木、制作筷子的白桦木、用于混凝土框架的杨木，以及用于煤矿支架的坚固榆木。The flow underscores Russia’s diminished economic position. It is now functionally an economic satellite of China, dependent on Beijing for manufactured goods while selling raw materials that China could, if it wanted to, buy elsewhere.这种贸易流向凸显了俄罗斯经济地位的下降。如今，俄罗斯实际上已成为中国的经济卫星国，依赖北京提供制成品，同时向中国出售原材料——而这些原材料，只要中国愿意，也可以从其他地方买到。停在满洲里边境的中国产卡车。截至去年夏末，中国汽车占俄罗斯汽车市场的60%。在满洲里，中国和俄罗斯的经济紧密相连显而易见。中国是俄罗斯石油、木材和煤炭的最大买家，即将成为俄罗斯天然气的最大买家Almost 6 percent of the entire Russian economy now consists of exports to China. That is a proportion equaled by Iran, another country under international sanctions. As part of pressure on Russia to accept a cease-fire, Mr. Trump threatened last week to impose high tariffs or other sanctions on countries trading with Russia, although he did not name China.如今，俄罗斯对中国的出口占其整个经济的近6%。这一比例与同样受到国际制裁的伊朗相当。为了向俄罗斯施压，迫使其接受停火，特朗普上周威胁要对与俄罗斯进行贸易的国家征收高额关税或实施其他制裁，不过他没有点名中国。Manzhouli’s official economic strategy — “Russian supply, Chinese processing” — underlines Russia’s evolution into a supplier of raw materials to China’s vast manufacturing sector, which dwarfs Russia’s own.满洲里的官方经济战略——“俄罗斯供应，中国加工”——凸显了俄罗斯已演变为中国庞大制造业的原材料供应国，而中国制造业的规模远超俄罗斯。Russia depends on China for clothing, electronics, even cars. China’s northbound exports have risen 71 percent since the start of the Ukraine war.俄罗斯在服装、电子产品甚至汽车方面都依赖中国。自乌克兰战争爆发以来，中国向北的对俄出口增长了71%。目前，中国制造的制成品占世界制成品总量的32%，超过美国、日本、德国、韩国和英国的总和。俄罗斯的份额（包括武器）仅为1.3%。满洲里的铁路货场。20世纪50年代，苏联顾问曾帮助中国建设钢铁厂、铁路和兵工厂，但现在俄罗斯以提供原材料来换取制成品。The trade alliance shows up in other contexts, too. State media in China has tilted strongly toward Russia in the Ukraine war. Russian television channels have been gradually squeezing out American channels in Chinese hotels. China’s sympathies show up on store shelves in Manzhouli: Stalin-brand vodka and ground coffee are on sale, and one store even specializes in busts of past Soviet leaders and matryoshka dolls that resemble President Vladimir V. Putin.这种贸易联盟还体现在其他方面。中国官方媒体在乌克兰战争问题上明显偏向俄罗斯。在中国的酒店里，俄罗斯电视频道正逐渐挤掉美国频道。满洲里的货架上也能看出中国的倾向性：斯大林牌伏特加和研磨咖啡正在售卖，有一家商店甚至专门出售前苏联领导人的半身像和酷似普京的套娃。The new embrace signals a turnaround in the two countries’ relationship. During the 1950s, Soviet advisers helped a mostly rural, underdeveloped China build many of its early steel mills, railroads and weapons factories. But now, China produces 32 percent of the world’s manufactured goods — more than the United States, Japan, Germany, South Korea and Britain combined.这种新的亲密表现标志着两国关系的转折。20世纪50年代，苏联顾问帮助当时以农业为主、欠发达的中国建起了许多早期的钢铁厂、铁路和兵工厂。但如今，中国生产的制成品占全球总量的32%，超过美国、日本、德国、韩国和英国的总和。Russia’s share of global manufacturing? It’s just 1.33 percent, even including Russia’s weapons production, according to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization.那么俄罗斯在全球制造业中的占比呢？根据联合国工业发展组织的数据，即便包括武器生产，也仅为1.33%。今年3月，中国对从加拿大进口的菜籽油和菜籽粕征收100%的关税，并对加拿大油菜籽发起贸易诉讼，矛头直指加拿大的主要出口产品。满洲里商店里的斯大林牌伏特加酒。以普京总统为原型的套娃。China is also benefiting from the imports. By buying timber and other goods from Russia, through Manzhouli, Beijing has been able to avoid buying imports from the United States and its allies. China used to buy raw materials like rapeseed from Canada, for example, but has shifted to purchasing more of these goods from Russia after Canada mostly sided with President Joseph R. Biden Jr. last year and then Mr. Trump in imposing higher tariffs on Chinese goods.中国也从进口中获益。通过满洲里从俄罗斯购买木材等商品，让北京不用从美国及其盟友那里进口。例如，中国过去从加拿大购买油菜籽等原材料，但在加拿大去年基本支持拜登总统、随后又支持特朗普对中国商品加征更高关税后，中国开始更多地从俄罗斯购买这些商品。China retaliated against Canada by imposing tariffs of 100 percent on imports of canola oil and canola meal from Canada. China also began a trade case against Canadian rapeseed, targeting some of Canada’s largest exports to China.作为报复，中国对从加拿大进口的菜籽油和菜籽粕征收100%的关税。中国还对加拿大油菜籽发起贸易诉讼，目标直指加拿大对中国最大的几项出口产品。At the Manzhouli Xinfeng Grain and Oil Industry Limited Company, bright red forklift trucks move sacks of supplies. The highly automated factory, less than a mile from the border, removes the hulls from Russian rapeseed and presses them to make canola oil.在满洲里新丰粮油工业有限公司（音），鲜红色的叉车正搬运一袋袋原料。这家高度自动化的工厂距离边境不到两公里，将俄罗斯油菜籽脱壳后压榨成菜籽油。一座发电厂，旁边的风力涡轮机现在为满洲里提供电力。这座发电厂过去常年燃烧煤炭和木材废料发电，但现在只运行半年，为城市提供冬季供暖。老人在苏联红军烈士公园里打牌。Huang Baoqiang, the managing director of a nearby lumber mill, said his company bought large quantities of timber from neighboring Siberia and turned them into bed slats and other furniture components. The U.S. Treasury Department has tried to block the use of dollars for transactions with Russia, but Mr. Huang said he was able to pay with Chinese renminbi or Russian rubles through VTB Bank. The bank, one of Russia’s largest financial institutions, faced sanctions by the United States and the European Union soon after Russia invaded Ukraine.附近一家木材厂的总经理黄宝强（音）说，他的公司从邻近的西伯利亚购买大量木材，加工成床板和其他家具部件。美国财政部试图阻止用美元与俄罗斯进行交易，但黄宝强说，他可以通过俄罗斯外贸银行用人民币或卢布支付。这家俄罗斯最大的金融机构之一在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后不久就遭到了美国和欧盟的制裁。But while Russia and China increasingly trade with each other, there are a few signs of tension.然而，尽管中俄贸易日益频繁，仍有一些紧张迹象。Russia has banned the shipment of freshly cut pines to China. So the bark is removed from pines, and the logs are cut into boards at sawmills in Siberia, to the annoyance of businessmen like Mr. Huang.俄罗斯禁止向中国出口新砍伐的松木。因此，西伯利亚的锯木厂的工人们会先剥去松树的树皮，再将原木切割成板材，这让黄宝强这样的商人颇为不满。China, in turn, imposed tariffs on imports of Russian coal at the start of last year after state-owned Chinese coal mines expanded output and complained of Russian competition.反过来，去年年初，在中国国有煤矿扩大产量并抱怨受到俄罗斯竞争后，中国对进口俄罗斯煤炭征收了关税。俄罗斯禁止向中国新砍伐的松木原木。因此，松木在西伯利亚被制成木板，这让满洲里的商人们很不满。在满洲里二手车出口基地，工人们正在装载准备出口到俄罗斯的二手车。The biggest stress in the trade relationship involves cars. Back in 2021, Chinese cars weren’t very popular in Russia. But after the invasion of Ukraine, Western automakers withdrew from the country, and Chinese automakers slashed prices.贸易关系中最大的压力来自汽车领域。2021年时，中国汽车在俄罗斯并不十分受欢迎。但乌克兰战争爆发后，西方汽车制造商撤离俄罗斯，中国汽车制造商趁机降价。Chinese cars captured 60 percent of the Russian market by late summer last year, according to GlobalData Automotive, a research firm.据研究公司环球数据汽车的数据，截至去年夏末，中国汽车在俄罗斯市场的占比已达60%。Russia’s own automakers had initially been expected to benefit from the retreat of their Western competitors and were disappointed by China’s success. They persuaded Moscow to start collecting a $7,500 fee on imported cars. The fee, which started on Oct. 1, has an exemption: It does not apply to used cars purchased by Russian citizens for their personal use.俄罗斯本土汽车制造商最初曾期望能从西方竞争对手的撤离中获益，因此对中国汽车的成功感到失望。他们说服莫斯科对进口汽车征收7500美元的费用。这项费用从10月1日开始征收，但有一项豁免：俄罗斯公民为个人使用而购买的二手车不在此列。满洲里的一家工厂将来自俄罗斯的油菜籽压榨成菜籽油。在一家豪华的二手车行，俄罗斯人选购几乎全新的汽车运回家乡。China’s car exports to Russia in the first five months of this year plunged 58 percent from a year earlier. “It’s a big bucket of cold water on what Chinese automakers expected to be their top market for years to come,” said Stephen Dyer, the head of the Asia automotive practice at AlixPartners, a consulting firm.今年前五个月，中国对俄罗斯的汽车出口同比暴跌58%。“这给中国汽车制造商泼了一盆冷水，他们本指望俄罗斯成为未来几年的最大市场，”艾睿铂咨询公司亚洲汽车业务负责人斯蒂芬·戴尔说。Chinese entrepreneurs in Manzhouli are already exploiting the used car loophole in Russia’s rules. A block from the Russian border, a year-old palace of a used car showroom in Manzhouli has towering bronze doors that open up to an 80-foot-high hall, all designed to lure Russian shoppers who want to beat the $7,500 fee.满洲里的中国企业家已经在利用俄罗斯这项规定中的二手车漏洞。在距离俄罗斯边境一个街区的地方，有一座建成一年、宛如宫殿的二手车展厅，其高大的铜门通向一个24米高的大厅，设计初衷就是吸引想避开支付那7500美元的俄罗斯买家。On sale are barely used BMWs, Land Rovers, Volkswagens and other popular brands no longer sold in Russia, as well as Chinese brands like Zeekr and Hongqi.展厅里出售的有几乎全新的宝马、路虎、大众等在俄罗斯已停售的热门品牌，还有极氪、红旗等中国品牌。The staff explained that new cars were not available — but that used cars only a month old could be purchased and shipped.工作人员解释说，新车无法买到，但可以购买仅使用了一个月的二手车并发货。摄影：Andrea VerdelliSiyi Zhao、Jeanna Smialek、Li You和Xinyun Wu对本文有研究贡献。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。获取更多RSS：https://feedx.net https://feedx.site