KEITH BRADSHER2025年7月24日北京正敦促欧盟降低对中国电动汽车的关税，并放宽其他产品的准入。 Gilles Sabrié for The New York TimesThe European Union has sent the president of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, and other top officials to Beijing for a high-profile, high-stakes summit on Thursday with their Chinese counterparts, complete with nods to the 50-year anniversary of their diplomatic ties.欧盟派遣欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩及其他高级官员前往北京，在周四与中方官员举行一场备受关注且至关重要的峰会，此次峰会还包含双方建交50周年的纪念环节。Both sides came with long lists of grievances over trade. The Europeans want an end to the flood of Chinese exports that they insist is unfairly bolstered by government financial support. The Chinese angrily deny the allegations and want the European Union to lift tariffs and embrace trade with China.双方都带着一长串关于贸易的不满。欧盟希望中国停止大量出口产品的行为，他们坚称这些出口得到了政府的财政支持，有失公允。中国则愤怒地否认这些指控，要求欧盟取消关税，并加强与中国的贸易往来。Neither European Union leaders nor Chinese officials said they expected the summit to resolve their many differences, which also include an intense disagreement over China’s support for Russia and its war in Ukraine.欧盟领导人与中国官员均表示，不指望此次峰会能解决双方诸多分歧，其中还包括围绕中国对俄罗斯及其在乌克兰战争中的支持所产生的严重分歧。Beijing wants the European Union to rescind its tariffs on electric cars from China and take other measures to allow more Chinese exports into the continent.北京希望欧盟取消对中国电动汽车的关税，并采取其他措施，允许更多中国商品进入欧洲市场。欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩上周在布鲁塞尔。But European leaders have made clear that they want to address many serious concerns about China’s recent policies. They are upset that China’s state-owned banks are lending at low interest rates to the country’s manufacturers. The resulting overflow of inexpensive goods has pushed up China’s trade surplus with the European Union to more than $350 billion.但欧盟领导人明确表示，他们希望解决对中国近期政策的诸多严重关切。他们对中国国有银行向本国制造商提供低息贷款深感不满。由此引发的廉价商品泛滥使得中国对欧盟的贸易顺差超过3500亿美元。European leaders are also very worried about China’s extensive economic and industrial assistance to Russia during the war in Ukraine — a subject that China has tried to keep separate from trade issues.欧盟领导人还对中国在乌克兰战争期间对俄罗斯提供的广泛经济与工业援助深感忧虑——中国一直试图将此议题与贸易问题分开处理。The divergent agendas have many analysts predicting a rancorous summit that does not produce much. “I think there is going to be the screaming part, but not the deal making,” said Abigaël Vasselier, the head of foreign relations at the Mercator Institute for China Studies in Berlin.由于议程存在严重分歧，许多分析人士预测此次峰会将充满争吵，不会产生什么结果。“我认为会有激烈争执，而不会有协议达成，”柏林墨卡托中国研究中心外交关系主管阿比加埃尔·瓦塞里尔说。The talks also come as both China and the European Union barrel toward separate August deadlines to reach trade deals with the United States or face even steeper tariffs. President Trump has threatened a 30 percent tariff on European imports as soon as Aug. 1. He has also threatened to raise tariffs further on imports from China after Aug. 12, but Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said this week that he will meet Chinese counterparts in Stockholm on Monday and Tuesday for further trade talks.此次会谈举行之际，中欧双方各自临近与美国贸易谈判的最后期限，若未能达成协议将面临更高关税。特朗普总统威胁最早于8月1日对欧洲进口商品征收30%的关税。他还扬言在8月12日后进一步提高对中国进口商品的关税，但美国财长贝森特本周表示，他将于周一和周二在斯德哥尔摩与中方举行进一步的贸易谈判。欧盟和中国领导人并不指望此次峰会能解决双方的重大分歧，包括贸易争端和中国在乌克兰战争中对俄罗斯的支持。Intractable Trade Issues棘手的贸易问题Beijing officials are extremely unhappy with the European Union’s recent tariffs on electric cars from China and have called instead for repeating some version of the two sides’ compromise in 2013 on solar panels.中国官员对欧盟近期对中国电动汽车加征关税极为不满，呼吁效仿双方2013年在太阳能电池板问题上的妥协方案。Then, the European Union came close to imposing steep tariffs that would have pushed the prices for Chinese solar panels up to the prices of European ones, with European governments collecting considerable tariff revenue.当时，欧盟险些对中国太阳能电池板征收高额关税，这原本会使中国太阳能电池板价格升至与欧洲产品相当的水平，欧盟各国政府也能收取可观的关税收入。Beijing persuaded European officials to accept a deal that essentially required Chinese solar panel manufacturers to charge the same high prices as those in Europe. The Chinese companies were allowed to keep the enormous profits, and they reinvested them to pay down debt and build state-of-the-art factories.但北京说服欧盟官员接受了一项协议，实质上要求中国太阳能电池板制造商收取与欧洲厂商相同的高价。中国企业得以保留巨额利润，并将其进行再投资，以偿还债务和建造最先进的工厂。The European industry almost completely collapsed as a result. Chinese companies now make almost all of the world’s solar panels.结果是欧洲太阳能产业几乎全面崩溃。如今，全球几乎所有的太阳能电池板都由中国企业生产。Refusing China’s proposal could lead to Chinese retaliation against German automakers, which rely heavily on China’s auto market. But automakers and governments elsewhere in Europe have been wary, even after the bloc accepted on July 4 a somewhat similar compromise with China on brandy.拒绝中国的提议可能会招致中国对德国汽车制造商的报复，这些企业严重依赖中国汽车市场。但即便是在欧盟于7月4日就白兰地问题与中国达成类似妥协后，欧洲其他地区的汽车制造商和政府仍持谨慎态度。The European Union wants trade talks on Thursday to focus instead on the continent’s very large trade deficit with China. Europe blames, in part, China’s many regulatory barriers to imports. In the first half of this year, China exported to the European Union more than twice as much as China imported, according to data from China’s General Administration of Customs.欧盟希望周四的贸易谈判聚焦于欧洲对中国的巨额贸易逆差。欧洲认为，部分原因在于中国对进口商品设置了诸多监管壁垒。中国海关总署的数据显示，今年上半年中国对欧出口额超过进口额两倍以上。Beijing contends that the trade imbalance could be narrowed if Europe agreed to sell the latest semiconductor manufacturing equipment to China. “Isn’t it contradictory for the European side to complain about China buying less while at the same time holding back and preventing sales?” said an editorial this week in Global Times, a nationalistic news outlet owned by the Communist Party of China.北京认为，若欧洲同意向中国出售最新的半导体制造设备，贸易失衡问题本可得到缓解。“欧方一边抱怨中国买的少，一边又捂着、拦着不让卖，岂不自相矛盾？”中共旗下民族主义媒体《环球时报》本周的一篇社论称。European officials contend that the most advanced equipment has military applications and that sales of most semiconductor manufacturing equipment to China have soared despite restrictions on a handful of top-end products.欧盟官员则表示，最先进的半导体设备具有军事用途，而且，尽管对少数高端产品实施了限制，但大多数半导体制造设备对中国的出口仍在激增。2023年，中国黑河的天然气管道设施。中国通过购买更多石油和天然气，提供卡车、无人机和其他装备，支撑着俄罗斯的战争经济。A Stalemate on Ukraine乌克兰问题上的僵局Chinese leaders have tried hard to woo the European Union as Mr. Trump has imposed 25 percent tariffs on European cars and threatened more. But China’s strong tilt toward Moscow during the war in Ukraine keeps getting in the way.在特朗普对欧洲汽车加征25%关税并威胁进一步加税之际，中国领导人一直竭力拉拢欧盟。但中国在乌克兰战争期间明显偏向俄罗斯的立场始终是阻碍双方关系发展的障碍。China has increased its trade with its northern neighbor by two-thirds since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. China has kept the Russian economy afloat through the costly war by expanding its purchases of Russian oil and natural gas while providing vast supplies of trucks, drones and other gear.自2022年2月俄罗斯入侵乌克兰以来，中国与这个北方邻国之间的贸易增长了三分之二。中国通过扩大购买俄罗斯石油和天然气，并提供大量卡车、无人机等装备，支撑着俄罗斯经济度过这场代价高昂的战争。Complicating matters for China is the new foreign minister of the European Union, Kaja Kallas, who has focused strongly on Ukraine in talks with China. Until last year, she was the prime minister of Estonia, which is one of three tiny Baltic republics that fear Russia could seek to annex them next if successful in Ukraine.对中国而言，情况更复杂的是，欧盟新任外交部长卡娅·卡拉斯在与中国的会谈中高度关注乌克兰问题。直至去年，她一直担任爱沙尼亚总理，爱沙尼亚是三个波罗的海小共和国之一，这些国家担心，如果俄罗斯在乌克兰得手，接下来可能会企图吞并它们。“As long as China continues to extend vital material and diplomatic support for Russia’s war in Ukraine, European leaders will resist any significant improvement in their ties with Beijing,” said Nicholas Burns, who was the American ambassador to China until January.“只要中国继续为俄罗斯的乌克兰战争提供关键物资和外交支持，欧洲领导人就会抵制与北京关系的任何重大改善，”今年1月卸任的美国驻华大使尼古拉斯·伯恩斯说。European Union officials have also repeatedly called for China to address human rights violations in its far northwest, the Xinjiang region, and elsewhere, another message that China’s leaders do not want to hear.欧盟官员还一再要求中国解决其西北部新疆地区及其他地方的人权问题，这也是中国领导人不愿听到的。德国汉堡的一家荷兰半导体企业，摄于去年。Acrimony Over Rare Earth Metals稀土问题上的纷争China forced the Trump administration to come to the bargaining table this spring partly by halting most exports of rare earth metals, which are crucial for carmakers, defense manufacturers and many other industries. European nations initially hoped that they would be exempt from China’s restrictions on rare earths, only to find that Beijing is using its control of most of the world’s supply to demand concessions from them as well on issues like electric cars.今年春季，中国通过暂停大部分稀土金属出口迫使特朗普政府回到谈判桌前——稀土对汽车制造商、国防企业及许多其他行业至关重要。欧洲国家最初希望能免受于中国的稀土限制，却发现北京正利用其对全球大部分稀土供应的控制，要求欧洲在电动汽车等问题上做出让步。China’s Ministry of Commerce has allowed some shipments in recent weeks. But to the intense annoyance of European officials, it has approved only enough shipments to let European factories stay open and not enough to let them build inventories to cushion against further interruptions.中国商务部近几周已允许部分稀土出货。但令欧盟官员极为不满的是，批准的出货量仅够欧洲工厂维持运转，不足以让他们建立库存，以应对未来的断供风险。Ms. von der Leyen warned last month that in recent weeks, “we all witnessed the cost and consequences of China’s coercion through export restrictions.”冯德莱恩上月警告称，近几周，“我们都目睹了中国通过出口限制进行胁迫的代价和后果。”Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。