Country: World Source: ODI Global Please refer to the attached file. This primer by Global Risks and Resilience sets out the range of challenges that climate change presents for poor and vulnerable people in the Global South and the ways that philanthropy can support social protection systems to respond to these needs.From extreme heat and drought to rising sea levels and erratic rainfall, climate-related shocks are increasing in both frequency and intensity. Yet in the 20 most climate-vulnerable countries, less than 9% of the population is covered by any form of social protection. At the same time, the annual financing gap for basic social protection in low- and middle-income countries is estimated at $0.56 trillion, before factoring in the escalating impacts of climate change.Social protection systems need to respond, and there are various operational arenas in which that response needs to occur.This primer lays out why social protection must evolve to become climate-responsive, and why philanthropy has a vital role to play in supporting that transformation. It also explores the expanding scope of climate-responsive social protection, including shock response, anticipatory action, adaptation and just transition strategies, and presents a practical framework for philanthropic engagement. The framework presented in this primer can be used to determine where initiatives with different modes, operating at different scales, and in different operational arenas, could help inform CRSP systems in similar geographies.The report draws on real-world case studies including India, South Africa, Vietnam, Indonesia and beyond.Key MessagesGovernments have a clear responsibility to vulnerable populations to develop comprehensive climate-responsive social protection systems, but there are many limitations and gaps in provision already – to say nothing of future challenges as climate change impacts intensify and economic transformation accelerates for a low-carbon future.Philanthropy is well positioned to invest in enhancing the capacity of social protection to address climate change, and support the individuals and groups most likely to be affected by climate change and excluded from the benefits of low-carbon transitionsWith the next round of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) being submitted and the Fund for responding to Loss and Damage becoming operational, 2025 is a critical juncture for climate policy. By engaging in dialogue and the development of climate-responsive social protection mechanisms (CRSP), philanthropies can help ensure implementation of NDCs and finance for addressing loss and damage, in order to protect the most vulnerableModalities for strategic philanthropic support in CRSP include: the provision of finance for implementation (including through matched funding); technical support (including research and evaluation to build a strengthened evidence base); piloting project innovation; and advocacy