KEITH BRADSHER, MEAGHAN TOBIN2025年10月10日中国龙南的一处稀土矿。 Keith Bradsher/The New York TimesThe Chinese government announced on Thursday that it was escalating its curbs on exports of rare earth metals, as Beijing claims broader jurisdiction over the global manufacture of semiconductors and other technology.中国政府周四宣布，将加强对稀土金属的出口管制措施，此举意味着北京正寻求对全球半导体及其他高科技制造领域施加更广泛的控制权。The new rules, which are set to take effect Dec. 1, are the latest step by Beijing as it tightens the reins on rare earths to exploit China’s dominance in the sector.新规定于12月1日生效，是北京利用其在该领域主导地位而收紧稀土管控的最新举措。Hours later, Beijing announced that starting on Nov. 8, it will also restrict exports of many kinds of equipment needed to manufacture batteries for electric cars, in a bid to protect China’s competitive advantage in the car industry as well.数小时后，北京方面又宣布，自11月8日起还将限制多种用于电动车电池制造设备的出口，意在保护中国在汽车产业方面的竞争优势。The rare earth rules could scramble the supply chains of some of the world’s biggest companies, including Nvidia and Apple. Rare earths are essential for the production of many computer chips, which are used in everything from smartphones to artificial intelligence systems. Rare earths are also used to make the magnets that power the electric motors in drones, factory robots and offshore wind turbines, as well as the brakes, seats and other systems in cars.稀土新规可能扰乱包括英伟达和苹果在内的全球多家大型企业的供应链。稀土是制造多种计算机芯片的关键原料，而芯片广泛应用于从智能手机到人工智能系统的各个领域。稀土制造的磁铁还用于无人机、工业机器人和海上风力发电机中的电机，以及汽车刹车系统、座椅和其他部件。China’s Ministry of Commerce said in a statement that the measures were needed to prevent rare earth metals from being used in technologies with possible military applications. For example, China refines all of the world’s samarium, a rare earth metal used by the United States to make F-35 fighter jets and a wide range of missiles.中国商务部在声明中表示，实施这些措施是为了防止稀土金属被用于可能具有军事用途的技术。例如，全球的钐都是由中国精炼的——这种稀土金属被美国用于制造F-35战斗机和多种导弹。The ministry said rare earth exports to overseas military suppliers “will not be approved.” Foreign governments and businesses have insisted that most rare earths are used for civilian purposes.该部明确表示，对海外军事供应商的稀土出口“将不予放行”。外国政府和企业则坚称大多数稀土均用于民用领域。China mines and processes the vast majority of the world’s rare earths. The rules issued on Thursday bar the transfer from China of any equipment or information that would help other countries establish their own production of rare earths or rare earth magnets.中国开采和加工的稀土占全球总量的绝大部分。根据周四发布的规定，禁止从中国转移任何有助于其他国家建立自己的稀土或稀土磁铁生产能力的设备及信息。Companies in the United States and Europe have been working to set up half a dozen factories for the production of rare earth magnets, and these factories have, for the most part, already taken delivery of needed equipment. But it can take up to three years for such factories to ramp up to their maximum production capacity.美国和欧洲企业一直在筹建约六家稀土磁铁工厂，其中大部分工厂已获得所需设备。但此类工厂需要长达三年时间才能达到最大产能。The rules issued on Thursday give broad authority to China’s Ministry of Commerce to restrict not just rare earth metals and magnets, but also the many devices like electric motors and computer chips that contain these materials.周四颁布的法规赋予中国商务部广泛权限，不仅可限制稀土金属和磁铁出口，还可限制包含这些材料的电动机、计算机芯片等多种装备的出口。“China is playing hardball,” said Jimmy Goodrich, a senior fellow at the University of California Institute of Global Conflict and Cooperation. The move “could position Beijing to have complete control of the global A.I. and modern electronics supply chain,” he added.加州大学全球冲突与合作研究所高级研究员吉米·古德里奇指出，“中国正在采取强硬手段。”他还说，此举“可能使北京得以完全掌控全球人工智能和现代电子产品的供应链”。President Trump and Xi Jinping, China’s top leader, are expected to meet soon for talks that are likely to include their countries’ many trade disputes. China restricted rare earth exports to the United States in April in response to Mr. Trump’s tariffs. Beijing has also restricted exports of rare earth magnets to Europe while demanding relief from European tariffs on electric cars from China.预计特朗普总统与中国最高领导人习近平将很快举行会晤，议题可能包括两国之间的多项贸易争端。今年4月，中国为反制特朗普加征关税措施曾限制对美稀土出口。北京方面在要求欧盟放宽对中国电动汽车关税的同时，也加强了对欧洲的稀土磁铁出口管制。European Union officials were “concerned” by the latest restrictions, Olof Gill, a spokesman for the European Commission, said at a news conference on Thursday. “The commission expects China to act as a reliable partner and to ensure stable, predictable access to critical raw materials,” he added.欧盟委员会发言人奥洛夫·吉尔在周四的新闻发布会上表示，欧盟官员对最新的出口限制措施“表示关切”。他还说：“欧盟委员会希望中国展现出可靠的合作伙伴姿态，确保对关键原材料的稳定、可预期的供应。”Chinese government inspectors this summer ordered factories in the rare earth industry not to transfer any manufacturing equipment out of the country. Many industry technicians in China have been required to surrender their passports to prevent them from leaving the country.今年夏天，中国政府的检查人员命令稀土行业的工厂不得将任何制造设备转移出境。中国许多稀土行业的技术人员还被要求上交护照，以防止他们离境。For the past year, China has been gathering information on how companies around the world use rare earths. Since last October, exporters have been required to provide the authorities with detailed tracings of how shipments are used in Western supply chains.过去一年里，中国一直在收集全球各地的企业使用稀土的相关信息。自去年10月以来，稀土出口企业被要求向监管部门提供详细资料，追踪产品在西方供应链中的具体流通。China refines 99 percent of the world’s dysprosium, a kind of rare earth that is used in chips to preserve magnetic stability even when they become hot.全球99%的镝元素精炼产能集中在中国，这种稀土被用于芯片中以确保其在高温环境下保持磁稳定性。In the last few years, Nvidia and other semiconductor manufacturers have changed the material used in electricity management devices, called capacitors, on chips to make them more heat-resistant. The capacitors are made from ultrapure dysprosium, which is extremely difficult to refine. A single refinery in Wuxi, near Shanghai, produces the entire world’s supply of ultrapure dysprosium.近几年来，英伟达等半导体制造商已改进芯片电流调节装置（即电容器）的材料以提升耐热性能。这些电容器采用极难提纯的超纯镝制造，而全球超纯镝供应完全来自上海附近无锡市的一家精炼厂。That refinery is controlled by Shenghe Resources, a Chinese company whose biggest shareholder is China’s Ministry of Land Resources. Shenghe acquired an 86 percent stake in the refinery on April 1 from a Canadian company, Neo Performance Materials.这家炼厂由中国企业盛和资源控股，而盛和资源的最大股东是中国的自然资源部。盛和资源于4月1日从加拿大公司Neo Performance Materials手中收购了该精炼厂86%的股份。The United States has been aware of its vulnerability on rare earth metals since 2010, when China imposed a two-month embargo on rare earth exports to Japan. But progress on developing alternatives has been slow.自2010年中国对日本实施为期两个月的稀土出口禁令以来，美国就已意识到自身在稀土金属方面的脆弱性。但替代方案的进展却始终缓慢。“China has cornered the market for processing and refining of key critical minerals,” former President Joseph R. Biden Jr.’s administration said in a statement last year.拜登政府去年在一份声明中坦言：“中国已垄断关键矿产的加工与精炼市场。”Japanese companies are believed to hold sizable stockpiles of rare earths. South Korean companies imported large quantities of dysprosium in January and February from China as Beijing began imposing restrictions, China’s customs data shows.据信日本企业持有大量稀土储备。中国海关数据显示，随着北京开始实施出口管制，韩国企业于今年1月和2月从中国进口了大量镝元素。In April, China imposed export controls on seven of the 17 kinds of rare earths as well as magnets made from them. The rules issued on Thursday are much broader, with some of the rules covering all rare earths.今年4月，中国对17种稀土中的七种及其制成的磁体实施出口管制。而周四发布的新规范围更广，部分条款涵盖了所有稀土品类。The importance and power of China’s control over crucial steps in global supply chains have intensified in recent years, said Martin Chorzempa, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. “And China’s confidence in those choke points has gone up,” he said.彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员马丁·乔泽姆帕指出，近年来中国在全球供应链关键环节中的控制力和影响力持续增强。“中国对这些关键节点的掌控信心正日益增加，”他说。Rare earth materials are essential for the manufacturing of advanced semiconductors, including multiple types of memory chips and logic chips.稀土材料对先进半导体制造至关重要，包括多种类型的存储芯片和逻辑芯片。The new rules would require businesses that make most chips to obtain an export license to sell them anywhere in the world. That means the rules could apply to companies like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, which makes most of the world’s advanced logic chips, and SK Hynix and Samsung, the South Korean makers of memory chips.根据新规，大多数芯片制造商若要向全球市场出口产品，必须先获得出口许可证。这意味着全球主要先进逻辑芯片制造商台积电以及韩国的存储芯片制造商SK海力士和三星等企业均需遵守此规。Both kinds of chips are crucial components of the computers that power advanced A.I. systems. They are also technologies that Chinese companies have struggled to manufacture as well as foreign competitors do.这两类芯片均是驱动先进人工智能系统的计算机核心组件，也是中国企业在技术水平上始终难以企及国外竞争对手的领域。Most chip makers and their suppliers are careful to maintain their inventory of rare earths used in production, blunting the immediate impact of the new rule, said Joanne Chiao, an analyst at TrendForce, a market research firm in Taiwan.台湾市场研究机构集邦科技分析师乔安妮·焦表示，大多数芯片制造商及其供应商都会谨慎维持生产所需的稀土库存，从而减缓新规在短期内带来的直接影响。The rule’s sweeping scope mirrors how Washington has used export controls to control chip production anywhere in the world that uses American software or machinery. Beijing has denounced for many years the “long-arm jurisdiction” of the United States that requires other countries not to send to China many kinds of computer chips made with American technology. But with the rules issued on Thursday, China has turned the tables on the United States.这项新规的广泛适用范围与华盛顿利用出口管制手段来限制全球任何使用美国软件或设备生产芯片的方式相似。多年来，北京一直批评美国的“长臂管辖”，即要求其他国家不得向中国出口使用美国技术制造的多种芯片。但随着周四新规的出台，中国对美国“以牙还牙”。China’s latest rule restricts international shipments of products in which as little as 0.1 percent of the value consists of rare earths from China.中国最新的规定限制了含有来自中国稀土成分的国际产品出口，即便这些稀土仅占产品价值的0.1%。“It’s impossible to know whether or not a tech product has 0.1 percent Chinese rare earth content,” said Mr. Goodrich of the University of California Institute of Global Conflict and Cooperation.加州大学全球冲突与合作研究所的吉米·古德里奇表示：“技术上无法确知某个科技产品是否含有0.1%的中国稀土成分。”A.I.-related sales have become the primary growth engine for the global economy. This week, the World Trade Organization said A.I. goods accounted for nearly half of the annual increase in global trade growth this year.与人工智能相关的产品销售已成为全球经济增长的主要引擎。本周，世界贸易组织表示，人工智能相关商品占据了今年全球贸易增长额近一半的比重。Nvidia has become the world’s most valuable company by selling to companies around the world advanced A.I. servers that contain technology manufactured in Taiwan, South Korea and elsewhere. But the U.S. government has curtailed the sale of those chips to foreign countries because of concerns that China and others could use them to develop new weapons or leap ahead of American companies in developing A.I. technology.通过向全球企业销售搭载台湾、韩国等地制造的先进人工智能服务器，英伟达已成为全球市值最高的企业。但美国政府因担忧中国及其他国家利用这些芯片研发新武器或在人工智能技术领域超越美国企业，已限制了这些芯片的对外销售。Nvidia declined to comment, and TSMC did not immediately respond to a request for comment.英伟达拒绝置评，台积电未立即回应置评请求。Tripp Mickle自旧金山、Xinyun Wu自台湾台北、 Jeanna Smialek自布鲁塞尔对本文有报道贡献。Siyi Zhao自北京对本文有研究贡献。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长，此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长，以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。Meaghan Tobin是时报科技记者，常驻台北，报道亚洲地区的商业和科技新闻，重点关注中国。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。