CADE METZ, ELI TAN2025年11月20日最新研究表明，中国工程人才对硅谷企业依然至关重要。 Jason Henry for The New York TimesWhen Mark Zuckerberg, Meta’s chief executive, unveiled the company’s Superintelligence Lab in June, he named 11 artificial intelligence researchers who were joining his ambitious effort to build a machine more powerful than the human brain.6月，Meta首席执行官马克·扎克伯格公布该公司的超级智能实验室时，列出了11位加入这一雄心勃勃计划的人工智能研究员，他们的目标是打造一台比人类大脑更强大的机器。All 11 were immigrants educated in other countries. Seven were born in China, according to a memo viewed by The New York Times.这11人全部是在其他国家接受教育的移民。据《纽约时报》看到的一份备忘录显示，其中七人出生于中国。Although many American executives, government officials and pundits have spent months painting China as the enemy of America’s rapid push into A.I., much of the groundbreaking research emerging from the United States is driven by Chinese talent.尽管数月来许多美国企业高管、政府官员和专家一直将中国描绘成阻碍美国人工智能快速发展的敌人，但美国众多突破性研究的背后都由中国人才推动。Two new studies show that researchers born and educated in China have for years played major roles inside leading U.S. artificial intelligence labs. They also continue to drive important A.I. research in industry and academia, despite the Trump administration’s crackdown on immigration and growing anti-China sentiment in Silicon Valley.两项新研究表明，多年来，在中国出生并接受教育的研究人员一直在美国顶尖人工智能实验室扮演重要角色。尽管特朗普政府收紧移民政策，硅谷反华情绪日益高涨，这些人仍在产业界和学术界推动着重要的人工智能研究。The research, from two organizations, provides a detailed look at how much the American tech industry continues to rely on engineers from China, particularly in A.I. The findings also offer a more nuanced understanding of how researchers in the two countries continue to collaborate, despite increasingly heated language from Washington and Beijing.这两项分别来自两家机构的研究详细揭示了美国科技行业对中国工程师的持续依赖，尤其是在人工智能领域。研究结果还让人们更全面地认识到，尽管华盛顿和北京的措辞日益激烈，但两国研究人员仍在继续合作。In 2020, a study from the Paulson Institute, which promotes constructive ties between the United States and China, estimated that Chinese A.I. researchers accounted for nearly one-third of the world’s top A.I. talent. Most of those Chinese researchers worked for American companies and universities.2020年，致力于促进美中建设性关系的保尔森研究所发布研究称，中国人工智能研究员约占全球顶尖人工智能人才的近三分之一。这些中国研究员大多就职于美国企业和高校。A new study from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace shows that a vast majority of these Chinese researchers have continued to work for U.S. institutions. Of the 100 top-tier Chinese researchers in the original study who were at U.S. universities or companies in 2019 — three years before the arrival of ChatGPT set off the global A.I. boom — 87 are still doing research at U.S. universities or companies.卡内基国际和平基金会的一项新研究显示，这些中国研究员中的绝大多数仍在为美国机构工作。2019年（三年后，ChatGPT的问世引发全球人工智能热潮）入选原研究的100位就职于美国高校或企业的顶尖中国研究员中，有87位如今仍在美国高校或企业从事研究工作。“The U.S. A.I. industry is the biggest beneficiary of Chinese talent,” said Matt Sheehan, an analyst who helped write both studies. “It gets so many top-tier researchers from China who come to work in the U.S., study in the U.S. and, as this study shows, stay in the U.S., despite all the tensions and obstacles that have been thrown at them in recent years.”“美国人工智能行业是中国人才的最大受益者，”参与两项研究撰写的分析师马特·希恩说。“尽管近年来面临种种紧张局势和阻碍，但美国仍吸引了大量来自中国的顶尖研究员——他们来美国工作、学习，而且正如这项研究所示，选择留在美国。”There is still significant collaboration between the two nations. A separate study from alphaXiv, a company that helps people track and use the latest A.I. research, shows that since 2018, joint research between America and China happens more often than collaboration between any other two nations.美中两国之间仍存在大量合作。帮助人们追踪和利用最新人工智能研究的公司alphaXiv的另一项研究显示，2018年以来，美中联合研究的频率超过了其他任何双边合作。Many in Silicon Valley fear that Chinese nationals could steal secrets from U.S. companies and share them with the Chinese government. Those fears are not unfounded. In early 2023, for example, a hacker gained access to the internal messaging systems of OpenAI and stole details about the design of the company’s A.I. technologies.硅谷许多人担心，中国公民可能会从美国公司窃取机密并分享给中国政府。这种担忧并非毫无根据。例如，2023年初，一名黑客入侵了OpenAI的内部通讯系统，窃取了该公司人工智能技术设计的相关细节。(The New York Times has sued OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement of news content related to A.I. systems. OpenAI and Microsoft have denied those claims.)（《纽约时报》已起诉OpenAI和微软，指控其人工智能系统侵犯新闻内容版权。OpenAI和微软均否认相关指控。）But analysts like Mr. Sheehan argue that the risk of espionage is far outweighed by the benefits of hiring and collaborating with Chinese talent. They worry that if the Trump administration expands its crackdown on Chinese talent in the United States, the move could seriously harm U.S. research.但希恩等分析人士认为，聘用中国人才进行合作带来的收益远大于间谍活动的风险。他们担心，如果特朗普政府扩大对美国境内中国人才的打压，可能会严重损害美国的研究事业。“This is seen as a real threat to U.S. companies’ edge in A.I.,” said Helen Toner, interim executive director at Georgetown’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology.“这被视为对美国企业人工智能优势的真正威胁，”乔治敦大学安全与新兴技术中心临时执行董事海伦·托纳说。Without the flow of talented Chinese researchers into the United States, Silicon Valley companies would fall behind in the global race — namely, to China.若失去中国研究人才输送渠道，硅谷企业将在全球竞争中落后，尤其是落后于中国。Even before Mr. Zuckerberg started aggressively hiring for his new Superintelligence Lab, Meta’s A.I. efforts relied heavily on Chinese talent. New hires in Meta’s A.I. division are often told jokingly that there are two languages they should know. The first is Hack, the company’s in-house programming language. The second is Mandarin, according to three people familiar with the culture of the company’s A.I. teams.早在扎克伯格大举为新的超级智能实验室招兵买马之前，Meta的人工智能项目就已高度依赖中国人才。据三位了解该公司人工智能团队文化的人士透露，Meta人工智能部门的新员工常被开玩笑说，他们需要掌握两种语言：第一种是公司内部编程语言Hack，第二种是普通话。This year, Meta received approvals for around 6,300 H1-B visas, which allow companies to hire skilled workers from other countries. This was second only to Amazon, according to data from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. The company has also collaborated with Chinese organizations on at least 28 prominent research papers since 2018, according to alphaXiv.今年，Meta获得了约6300份H1-B签证批准——这类签证允许企业聘用外国技术工人。根据美国公民及移民服务局的数据，这一数字仅次于亚马逊。alphaXiv的数据显示，自2018年以来，该公司还与中国机构合作发表了至少28篇颇具影响力的研究论文。Since 2018, companies like Apple, Google, Intel and Salesforce have collaborated with Chinese organizations on widely read research papers, according to the new study from alphaXiv. Microsoft, which has long operated research labs in China, has collaborated with Chinese organizations more than any other company, sharing credit on at least 92 important papers.根据alphaXiv的新研究显示，2018年以来，苹果、谷歌、英特尔、Salesforce等公司均与中国机构合作发表过被广泛引用的研究论文。长期在中国运营研究实验室的微软，与中国机构的合作次数远超其他任何公司，至少在92篇重要论文上共同署名。Many Chinese researchers say studying and working in the United States has become more difficult. They often have trouble securing visas, they say, and are wary of leaving the country for fear that U.S. officials will not let them back in.许多中国研究人员表示，在美国学习和工作变得越来越困难。他们说，签证办理经常受阻，同时担心离境后会被美国当局拒绝入境。But as the Carnegie Endowment study shows, some leading Chinese researchers have returned to institutions in China after stints with U.S. organizations. Tensions are also rising inside some U.S. companies. Last month, a Chinese researcher, Yao Shunyu, said in a blog post that he had left the San Francisco start-up Anthropic for Google in part because company executives publicly labeled China a serious security threat.但卡内基国际和平基金会的研究显示，部分顶尖中国研究员在美国机构工作一段时间后，已选择回国发展。一些美国公司内部的紧张局势也在加剧。上月，中国研究人员姚舜宇（音）在博客帖子中表示，他已从旧金山初创公司Anthropic跳槽至谷歌，部分原因是Anthropic高管公开将中国列为“严重安全威胁”。“I strongly disagree with the anti-China statements,” Dr. Shunyu wrote. “I believe most of the people at Anthropic will disagree with such a statement, yet I don’t think there is a way for me to stay.”“我强烈反对这些反华言论，”姚舜宇写道。“我相信Anthropic的大多数人都会反对这样的说法，但我觉得自己已无法继续留在那里。”Cade Metz撰写有关人工智能、无人驾驶汽车、机器人、虚拟现实和其他技术新兴领域的新闻。Eli Tan自旧金山为时报报道科技行业新闻。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。