MEAGHAN TOBIN, XINYUN WU2025年9月22日台湾制造的螺丝是无数美国日常用品的关键部件。但特朗普关税正威胁着台湾作为这些微小却至关重要的零部件制造领导者的地位。 Taiwan is world famous for making semiconductors and electronics. Its factories have mastered the intricate work of etching circuits onto silicon, churning out most of the world’s supply of advanced computer chips.台湾以半导体和电子产品制造闻名世界。当地工厂精通在硅片上蚀刻电路的复杂工艺，生产了全球大部分的先进电脑芯片。The island is also a major source of another essential and often invisible component of everyday objects: screws. And most go to the United States, where they are used to build airports, backyard decks and bathroom cabinets.除此之外，台湾也是另一种日常用品中常见但不起眼的必需品——螺丝——的主要供应地。其中大部分都出口到美国，用于建造机场、后院露台和浴室橱柜等。Now, President Trump’s 50 percent tariffs on steel and aluminum, which took effect in June, have left Taiwanese screw makers wondering how their businesses will survive the next few months. For the United States, Taiwan has been the No. 1 source of screws and metal fasteners like nuts and bolts for more than three decades, with China gaining ground as the second largest.今年6月，特朗普政府对进口钢铁和铝征收50%关税正式生效，这让台湾螺丝制造商开始担忧他们的生意如何在未来几个月内维系下去。对于美国而言，台湾30多年来一直是螺丝、螺帽和螺栓等金属紧固件的第一大来源地，中国则作为第二大供应地持续扩大份额。Taiwan’s screw factories, in the island’s south, sprawl across industrial districts like Lujhu and Gangshan, where the sounds of chugging machinery echo around the clock.在台湾南部，螺丝工厂遍布路竹和冈山等工业区，机器的轰鸣声昼夜不绝。The area is home to around 1,500 companies making screws, and about one in every eight people works in the industry, according to Chiu Chih-Wei, a legislator from Kaohsiung. The road is littered with so many stray screws and metal pieces that drivers frequently need to replace their tires.据来自高雄的立法委员邱志伟介绍，该地区约有1500家螺丝制造企业，平均每八个人中就有一人从事该行业。当地的道路上散落着大量的螺丝和金属碎屑，导致司机们往往需要频繁更换轮胎。路竹新益公司是台湾最大的螺丝企业之一，生产用于地铁车辆、高速列车和数据中心排气扇的零件。路竹新益的紧固件均经过人工检查。上个月，台湾螺丝等非科技产品出口下降了近6%。Kent Chen’s grandfather founded Sheh Fung Screws Company in 1973. Its factories operate day and night making more than 1,000 types of screws. Most of them are sold under his customers’ brand names in the United States at stores like Home Depot.陈骏彦的祖父于1973年创立了世丰螺丝公司。工厂昼夜不停地运转，生产着超过1000种不同类型的螺丝。这些产品大多以客户的品牌在美国的家得宝等零售店销售。Mr. Chen, 48, took over the management of Sheh Fung in 2010. He invested in new equipment and systems to appeal to foreign customers, and worked with an American company that makes paint for cars to color-match screws to wood. Business boomed.48岁的陈骏彦在2010年接管了公司。他投资引进了新设备和新系统来吸引海外客户，并与一家美国汽车涂料公司合作，开发出了可以与木材颜色匹配的螺丝。此后，公司业务蒸蒸日上。The company developed hundreds of types of screws for fastening wood and concrete. Some were used to build shopping malls, others for front porches and office shelves.世丰螺丝公司开发出数百种用于紧固木材和混凝土的螺丝，有的被用于建造购物中心，有的则用于前廊和办公室置物架。But since the steel tariffs took effect, Sheh Fung’s orders have been down nearly 20 percent compared with the same time last year.然而，自从钢铁关税生效以来，世丰的订单量同比下降了近20%。“Everything is in pause mode,” Mr. Chen said. “A lot of our customers said, ‘We’ll see,’ but then we didn’t receive many orders.”“一切都停滞了，”陈骏彦说。“很多客户对我们说：‘看看再说’，但之后我们并没有接到多少订单。”世丰螺丝公司总经理陈骏彦表示，台湾的螺丝制造商正在与岛上利润丰厚的计算机芯片行业争夺政府支持和工人。陈骏彦说，后院露台、木地板和栏杆使用的螺丝是世丰业务的重要组成部分。世丰的工厂日夜不停地生产1000多种螺丝。Last month, Taiwan’s exports of tech products like chips and artificial intelligence servers jumped more than 50 percent from last year as companies front-loaded shipments ahead of possible price increases. But nontech exports like screws slumped nearly 6 percent.上个月，由于企业为了应对可能的价格上涨而提前出货，台湾芯片和人工智能服务器等科技产品的出口额同比增长超过50%。但螺丝等非科技产品的出口却下滑了近6%。In addition to Mr. Trump’s tariffs, a problem for exporters like Sheh Fung is the surge in Taiwan’s currency. It has appreciated sharply against the U.S. dollar this year, a disadvantage for an export-driven economy.除了特朗普的关税政策，像世丰这样的出口商还面临着另一个难题——新台币的强势升值。今年以来，新台币对美元大幅升值，这对一个依赖出口的经济体来说极为不利。“We never take losses,” Mr. Chen said. “But this year, in the second quarter, we really took quite a big loss because of the currency situation.”“我们以前从不亏损，”陈骏彦说。“但今年第二季度，受汇率影响，我们确实遭受了相当大的损失。”Officials in Taiwan have said they will monitor the exchange rate, but have not taken any action to adjust it. Any move by the Taiwanese government to tamp down the currency’s rise could draw the ire of the Trump administration. Taiwan is one of nine major trading partners the U.S. Treasury Department is monitoring for potential currency manipulation.台湾官员表示将持续关注汇率变化，但目前尚未采取任何干预措施。台湾当局任何试图抑制新台币升值的举动都可能招致特朗普政府的不满。目前，美国财政部正在密切关注包括台湾在内的九个主要贸易伙伴，以防潜在的货币操纵行为。Taiwanese manufacturers are also facing intense competition from screw makers in China.此外，台湾制造商还面临着来自中国螺丝制造商的激烈竞争。一位立法者表示，台湾螺丝制造商正面临来自中国的竞争、特朗普关税和货币升值的“三重挑战”。对新制造的紧固件进行检查。紧固件的钻孔检验。Lu Chu Shin Yee, one of Taiwan’s largest screw companies, has been making steel products since 1965. Today the company makes screws used in specialized applications like subway cars, high-speed trains and exhaust fans in data centers.路竹新益公司是台湾最大的螺丝企业之一，自1965年以来一直从事钢铁制品生产。如今，该公司专攻地铁车厢、高铁列车以及数据中心的排风扇等特种用途螺丝。Chinese companies often quote prices that are 30 to 50 percent lower than Taiwanese screw makers, said Karl Tsai, 61, the general manager of Lu Chu Shin Yee and son of the company’s founder.路竹新益的总经理、61岁的蔡仁哲表示，中国企业给出的报价通常比台湾同行低30%到50%。Taiwan’s screw makers have faced mounting pressure from Chinese competitors for more than a decade. But the combination of Mr. Trump’s tariffs and the currency appreciation have forced the industry to a tipping point. Profit margins are thinner for screw makers than computer chip makers. And factory owners said they also compete with Taiwan’s chip sector for government support and workers.十多年来，台湾的螺丝制造商一直面临着来自中国竞争对手日益加剧的压力。但特朗普的关税政策和新台币升值的双重打击让这个行业走到了临界点。与电脑芯片制造商相比，螺丝行业的利润率更为微薄。工厂主们表示，他们在争取政府支持和招聘工人方面也需要与台湾的芯片产业竞争。Mr. Chiu, the Kaohsiung legislator, said he estimated that about a dozen factories in his district had closed since the currency began appreciating and the tariffs took effect.立法委员邱志伟表示，据他估算，自从新台币升值和关税生效以来，他所在的选区已有大约十多家工厂倒闭。蔡仁哲是路竹新益的总经理，该公司在中国大陆和菲律宾也有工厂。路竹新益工厂的钢线轴，它们将被制成紧固件。装箱运输的紧固件。Whole neighborhoods between Tainan and Kaohsiung are devoted to the screw industry. Trucks haul coils of extruded steel down streets where some factories form the screws, others repair machinery and still others apply coatings.从台南到高雄之间，许多社区全都致力于螺丝产业。卡车运送着成卷的挤压钢材穿梭于街道，沿途有的工厂负责螺丝成型，有的负责机械维修，还有的负责表面涂层。At Eternal Golden Plating, which coats screws used in cars and motorcycles, business was so good last year that the factory planned to hire enough people to add a second production shift, said Gino Yang, 42, who has been the president since 2021. But because of the tariffs and exchange rate pressure, he has hired only two new workers. 金永辰科技有限公司为汽车和摩托车上的螺丝提供镀膜服务。42岁的杨永生在2021年成为了这家公司的董事长，他表示，公司去年业务非常好，工厂原本计划招聘足够的人手来添加第二个生产班次。但由于关税和汇率的压力，他最终只雇佣了两名新员工。Some big companies like Lu Chu Shin Yee and Sheh Fung have factories in China, the Philippines and Vietnam, where they can move production to help lower costs. But smaller manufacturers don’t have that flexibility, Mr. Yang said.杨永生表示，像路竹新益和世丰这样的大型企业在中国、菲律宾和越南都设有工厂，可以通过转移生产来降低成本。但中小厂商缺乏这种灵活性。“Small businesses like ours can’t survive without orders,” he said.“像我们这样的小企业没有订单，你就没有办法生存，”他说。The chief executive of Home Depot, Ted Decker, has promised that by next year, no single country outside of the United States will represent more than 10 percent of all the company’s purchases. He said on an earnings call in May that more than half of its purchases were already from American manufacturers.家得宝首席执行官泰德·德克尔曾承诺，到明年，美国以外的任何单一国家，其商品采购额占公司总采购额的比例将不超过10%。他在今年5月的财报电话会议上表示，目前公司一半以上的采购额已来自美国本土制造商。路竹和冈山工业区约有八分之一的人口从事紧固件行业。台湾制造的螺丝是无数美国日常用品的关键部件。但特朗普关税正威胁着台湾作为这些微小却至关重要的零部件制造领导者的地位。 But Taiwanese screw makers said the United States did not have the kind of factories it needed to replace imports from the island.但台湾的螺丝制造商表示，美国并没有能够取代从台湾进口产品的工厂。Americans would not be willing to work in such factories for wages that companies pay in Taiwan, said Mr. Tsai of Lu Chu Shin Yee.路竹新益总裁蔡仁哲表示，美国人不愿意以台湾工厂支付的薪水从事这类工作。Even Taiwan’s most advanced chip maker, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, has had troubling recruiting a sufficient number of skilled workers to its Arizona factory, Mr. Tsai pointed out. And handling hot stainless steel is even more grueling than working in a chip plant.他指出，即使是台湾最先进的芯片制造商台积电也难以在美国亚利桑那州的工厂招募到足够的熟练工人。而处理炽热的不锈钢甚至比在芯片工厂工作还要艰苦。“How could this kind of work happen in the United States?” Mr. Tsai asked. “It couldn’t.”“这种工作怎么可能在美国完成？”蔡仁哲反问道。“不可能。”摄影：An Rong XuMeaghan Tobin是时报科技记者，常驻台北，报道亚洲地区的商业和科技新闻，重点关注中国。Xinyun Wu是《纽约时报》记者/研究员，常驻台北，报道科技、台湾和中国新闻。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。